Barriers to Effective Communication Essay

As we all know, Criminal Justice has two main types of communication which are Verbal and Nonverbal. Each of these are subsets or components in the communication area. These components help us to breakdown ideas of communication for a better understanding. For the verbal communication, there is a cluster with four different areas which include: Blaming, Directing, Persuading and Problem Solving. Along with these components for the verbal, there are also two main things for nonverbal communication which include: Body language and Written word communications. When we are in a conversation with someone, verbally speaking is not the only thing that comes with communicating well. There is also the fact that you must be a good listener as well so you can understand what the other person is communicating. According to Grubb, Hemby, â€Å"Generally there are three purposes associated with either casual conversation or public speaking: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain† (Matthewson, 2009). You need to be focused and pay attention to detail when someone is attempting to inform you on critical information. To build better communication and a better understanding of what someone is saying, try repeating or saying everything you just heard. It will help you to remember more of the important issues that were brought up in the conversation. For effective communication, you want to make sure that you are to the point of what you are talking about and avoid going off topic. This is make sure that you are able to clarify what the other person is saying and it will help any kind of confusion that may occur. You may also run into someone who does not speak English or speaks it very well. With this, you need to make sure that you are clear and precise on the topic and have an interpreter  just in case they need help understanding. In the Criminal Justice field, many officers, lawyers, probation and parole officers face this challenge on a day to day basis. For having different types of languages around us at all times, we must be prepared for anything that can happen in the communication aspect. Cultural differences can and do affect verbal and nonverbal communication. When you are using nonverbal communication, you must watch how you use your body language such as your hands, eyes, leg movement, and the folding of your arms. Using each of these in a certain manner can show the other person that you are uncomfortable, that you are not really listening to what they have to say and or you don’t care about what they are talking about. These can also show some signs of lying and stress if you are not careful. Law Enforcement uses these signs when they are interviewing and interrogating suspects. Giving direct eye contact but yet your body language says something else can be misunderstood as hiding something. There are many different variables dealing with communication as well. When we have a conversation, we should always make sure that we do not miscommunicate information and the way we can do this, is by being more alert and understanding the different methods of communication. In the 7th paragraph in his article, Grubb says â€Å"KISS is an extremely effective acronym. â€Å" Keep it Short and Simple† is not an indicator of lack of intelligence or professionalism but rather an efficient way to communicate. Some police officers, through a sense of misplaced importance, feel compelled to use language that is inappropriate for the situation- inappropriate in the sense that it does not fit well in the context of the conversation or in the message that the officer is attempting to convey† (Matthewson, 2009). When writing a report which is considered nonverbal communication, you want to make sure you are using as much detail as possible but making sure at the same time, you are not going overboard to where it drowns out the report. You want to make sure that you have enough information and enough details that it explains what you witnessed or what happened. There have been cases  where less description is also good in a report as well. Along with writing reports, when you are in the Criminal Justice field, you want to make sure that when you are emailing, you are concise and yet brief. By explaining too much in your reports, this can in fact potentially be thrown out of court by a judge. Communication Frustration plays a role in the Criminal Justice field by people misunderstanding what they are reading and what they are hearing. This can mean life and death in criminal justice organizations. If all the officers are getting briefed on a case where they have to apprehend a suspect, it takes one officer not paying attention and it could very easily cost him or her their lives. Understanding and communicating well are very important thing to master in any type of law enforcement agency. There are advantages and disadvantages with communications dealing with formal and informal. Having the formal communication, allows uniformity within the organization, having informal communication allows free flow of information, but tends to restrict uniformity. Another thing that goes along with having a hard time listening, is the fact that there can be outside stress like family issues, financial problems. There can also be external issues with listening such as being biased about the subject that is being talked about, the subject being boring etc. Having active listening and great feedback will help in good communication as well. There are three different barriers that are in effective communication. The first one is Individual Practitioner Barriers. This affects more of the community based correctional staff. With it affecting this area, some may lack basic knowledge, abilities and skills to do their jobs correctly and efficiently. Some that have lack of all three of these things, have never participated in the training that is required by that specific job. The second is the Organizational Barriers. This kind of barrier deals with barriers that are in their organization be it the police department, court houses, attorney’s offices etc. This also limits the full implementation of evidence based information and the correctional practices. When dealing with  correctional practices, you need to have all the knowledge to do your job correctly and without many or no faults. The third is Systemic Barriers. With this barrier, it deals within the criminal justice and the social service systems. This can cau se competition between the different agencies due to shortages in funding, difficulties in sustaining collaborations and the lack of support from the court system. Clients may be pushed away due to the community practitioners not having the power to control what happens in the system. My real world example of effective communication is the time I was living with my aunt back in Bryan, Ohio. She and her ex were seeing each other at this time. He was always coming over to our apartment spending time with her, cooking, cleaning, and helping with everything that he could think of. Everything was going wonderful for a long time. Communication was at its best between all of us. Then one day, he had been drinking and I was very ill lying in bed. I heard a lot of yelling and screaming from my aunt telling him to get out and him yelling back telling her to shut up. I heard some slamming around out in the living room so I got out of bed, extremely dizzy to see what was going on. I walked out and they were each on one side of the TV holding on to it. Well I stepped in and told him to get out of the apartment. She was in no shape for any stress and I was s o sick I just about couldn’t stand up straight. After I told him that, he took the TV and pulled it off the stand hitting me and my aunt in the back with it. Almost pinning me in between the glass coffee table and the TV. If I wouldn’t have moved when I did, I would have been severely cut. Needless to say, I got on the phone call the police and my aunt and I filed a police report. Later that day, her and I were pulling out of the apartment complex when we saw his van across the street. As soon as he seen us, he flew across into the apartment drive almost hitting her car. As she was backing up to the office, I was on the phone to the police once again. His van was so close to her bumper, u couldn’t put a piece of paper between them. If it was not for me being in that car, he said he would have killed her. No matter what situation or scenario you are in, communication is the main thing you need to have. If you do not have effective communication, then anything can happen. People can get off murder charges, rape charges, any type of abuse charges. As we all know, Criminal Justice has two main types of communication which are Ve rbal and Nonverbal. Each of these have subsets or components. References Henderson, M. L., Mathias-Humphrey, A., & McDermott, M. J. (2008). Barriers to Effective Program Implementation: Rural School-Based Probation (Vol. 72). Seattle, Washington, United States: Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/213978183?accountid=458 Matthewson, J. (2009). Effective Communication in Criminal Justice: Process, components and various types. Examiner.com, 2. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.examiner.com/article/effective-communication-criminal-justice-process-components-and-various-types Wallace, H. &. (2009, January 15). Criminal Justice Law Exploring Issues, Developing Solutions. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from Criminal Justice Law: http://criminaljusticelaw.us/leadership/communication-frustration/

The Pop

1 Mixtures and Solutions: Candy Chromotography Background Information and Research Biochemists often use this method of separation when studying amino acids or other chemicals from living things. Also they use it to separate a solution with multiple components with different polarites. People use chromoography to find the things in milk,find out what chemicals are in black ink, also determine whether something is hazardous or not. Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to see what kind of dyes and colors are in the candy’s colored coating. Also to see what kind of things are in it. Materials: Candy with a colored coating, like Skittles ® or M&Ms ® (4 different colors) †¢ Rubbing alcohol or isopropyl alcohol †¢ Coffee filters (2) †¢ Tall glasses or plastic cups (2) †¢ Pencil †¢ Ruler †¢ Tape †¢ Foil or paper plate †¢ Table salt †¢ Water †¢ Toothpicks or cotton swabs (4) †¢ Measuring cups/spoons †¢ Clean pitcher or 2-liter bottle Procedure: 1. Coffee filters usually are round, but it's easier to compare your results if the paper is square. So your first task is to cut the coffee filter into a square measuring three cm by nine cm square from a coffee filter. You will need two of these strips to complete the lab. 2. Space four drops of water (or however many colors you are testing) equally distant on a piece of foil or plate. Position one candy of each color on the drops. Give the color about a minute to come off into the water. Dispose of the candy. 3. Using a pencil (do not use a pen), draw a line one cm (1/2 inch) from the edge of one end of one strip of paper. 4. Make four pencil dots (one for each color of candy you will be examining) along this line, about 0. cm (1/4 inch) apart. Underneath each dot, label the color of the candy you will test on that spot. You won't have space to write the whole color name, so try abbreviations like B for blue, G for green, etc. 5. Before you complete the rest of the lab, make a prediction of the components you expect to see from each candy color. 6. Dip a toothpick or cotton swab into one sample of colored water and dab the color onto the pencil dot for that color. Use a clean toothpick for each co lor. Try to keep each dot as small as possible. Allow the filter paper to dry, and then go back and add more color to each dot, repeating this step a total of three times for each color. 7. Prepare the salt solution by mixing 1/8 teaspoon of salt and three cups of water in a clean pitcher or 2-liter bottle. Stir or shake the solution until it is dissolved. This will produce a 1% salt solution. 8. Pour the salt solution into a clean tall glass so that the liquid level is 1/4 inch (0. 5 cm). 9. Tape the strip to a pencil and rest the pencil on top of the jar so that the strip hangs into the jar. The goal is to have the end of the chromatography strip just touching the surface of the solvent solution, with the colored dots above the surface of the liquid. Make sure that the colored spots do not come in direct contact with the liquid in the bottom of the glass. 10. Capillary action will draw the salt solution up the paper. As it passes through the dots, it will begin to separate the dyes. When the salt water is 1/4 inch (0. 5 cm) from the top edge of the paper, remove it from the glass and place it on a clean, flat surface to dry. 11. Repeat steps two through nine (using the second strip of paper and a clean glass) to test the same four colors using the alcohol instead of the saltwater solution at the bottom of the glass. Data and Observations Original Predictions: †¢ The red M&M will travel the farthest and be the strongest. †¢ The The dye in the yellow M&M will travel less and be the lightest color. †¢ [pic] Other observations I noticed was the stationary phase matters. Both the red and yellow travveld to the front but had little separation. Red showed the lowest travelling distance. Discussion and Conclusion: The first part of this section discusses the observations and results of the lab as well as any mistakes that may have been made (or what measures were taken to try to avoid mistakes) and what improvements, if any, you can think of for the procedure for the next time the lab will be conducted. The discussion section of this lab should also include discussions on the following: †¢ A comparison of how each solution (salt water and alcohol) separated the pigments from each color of candy or ink type. Which solution worked better at separating each of the pigments (it may be different for different candy colors or inks), and why do you think that is? †¢ If you had allowed less time for the lab (stopping the separation process when the solution was half way up the paper) how do you think that would have affected your results? †¢ What pigment colors traveled farther up the paper? What pigment traveled the least? Was it the same or different when those pigments appeared in other candy colors or inks? Was it the same or different when separated by alcohol instead of salt water?

Progressive Case Study

Progressive Case Study Progressive Auto Insurance company is among many other competing firms in the industry. Some of the others include State Farm, Allstate, and GEICO. They are currently the third biggest private auto insurance industry. From the time they came into existence they have strived for being the most innovative company in the market and shared the values of â€Å"fair, fast, best. † Beginning in 1957 Progressive mainly dealt with standard drivers but soon after they developed a strategy that benefitted them greatly.For the next 25 years they started to focus on the nonstandard driver, who are the drivers that insurers would not cover. Particularly they segmented motorcyclists who had recently received a DUI. They priced the premiums high which resulted in high profitability. They found out that the motorcyclists were actually a lot lower risk than other companies originally perceived. Starting in 1990, they started a practice of immediate response which reduced trauma for the person involved and also helped them in getting an accurate quote for the damages.They also introduced the gold card which reduced the time it took for people to respond to Progressive. In 1995, Progressive became the first insurance company to expand its business to the world wide web essay writer website. The biggest innovative move they made was in 2000 when they introduced the concierge service which included full service repair and customer service at their own shops. Starting in 2006 Progressive was enjoying high profitability due to unanticipated accident frequencies.Thus many companies cut their prices to keep up with the competition. The problem with this is severe underwriting losses. They tried the tactic of reducing prices below their competitors in hope to gain market share but this was the opposite result for them. The CEO Glenn Renwick recommended slowly returning to the underwriting profits of 4% rather than the drastic price drops which could hurt the m if the accident frequencies increased.JD power and Associates gave Progressive a sub par score for overall customer satisfaction of 14. They also fared low on brand awareness ranking in at 57% unaided brand awareness. Their competitors were at GEICO(79%), Allstate(69%), and State Farm(74%). Although they increased their advertising from 8 million in 1997 to 263 million in 2006, they were lagging behind the leading competitors in the field. Although Progressive have been striving as an innovative insurance company they have been lacking behind a few leading companies.It appears that they may need to narrow in on their strengths and cut out some of their programs to make sure they are ensuring high customer satisfaction. After learning that there are many risks out there, people want to know that they will be in good hands after a major disaster or incident. People will always rely on insurance companies because there numerous risks out there that people face everyday. With these co mpanies people feel at ease about the everyday risks that they constantly endure.

Marketing Planning - Domino's Pizza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Planning - Domino's Pizza - Essay Example Moreover, people are looking for innovation in the pizzas. Domino’s is offering a huge range of products apart from pizzas and are mainly focusing on customers with smaller pocket size. The SWOT analysis reveals that the organization has great deal of strengths and opportunities but is facing steep competition from its competitors like Pizza Hut and Pizza Express. After the situation analysis and studying the current market segment, target market and positioning strategies has been suggested. Introduction Domino’s pizza is a well known pizza delivery organization in this world. The passion and expertise shown by this organization and its employees in delivering fresh and hot pizzas has earned loyalty of numerous customers from all over the world and several awards for the organization (Domino’s Pizza UK & Ireland Limited, 2012). This report focuses on developing a marketing plan for Domino’s Pizza in UK. The pizza market of UK has recorded an increase of 2 1.5 percent in sales value between the year 2008 and 2013 and reached  £881 million (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). This was primarily due to the thriving chilled sector and commodity inflation, which lead to higher self prices. The growth on the overall volume has increased by 7.3 percent over the period, which has acted as the accelerating factor in terms of both volume and values (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). Chilled pizza has created a better and healthier image of quality amongst the consumers. On the other hand, frozen pizzas acts as a remedy for being processed. Reports also suggests that fifth of the users in UK are seen to show interest towards the British sourced meat. 23 percent of the parents are seen to show their concern regarding lack of pizzas for children (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). ... Chilled pizza has created a better and healthier image of quality amongst the consumers. On the other hand, frozen pizzas acts as a remedy for being processed. Reports also suggests that fifth of the users in UK are seen to show interest towards the British sourced meat. 23 percent of the parents are seen to show their concern regarding lack of pizzas for children (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). It has been observed that there is strong demand for microwaveable and gluten-free pizzas (Mintel Group Ltd., 2013). The demand for pizza has also increased among the demographic of 65 year old people. The pizza lovers of UK are also looking for change and innovation in their pizzas (Mintel Group Ltd., 2011). Product Range Domino’s Pizza mainly deals in pizzas ranging from chicken and prawn pizza, traditional pizzas, value plus pizza, value pizzas and â€Å"make your own† pizza. Apart from this, the organization also offers a wide range of side dishes, desserts and crusts. In side di shes they include breads, chicken, chips along with dipping sauce and drinks. In desserts, they include cakes, brownies, pancakes, dipping sauce and mousse (Domino's Pizza Enterprises Ltd., 2012). Hence, it can be concluded that they not only deals with pizzas but also offers a variety of other products. Customers The customers of Domino’s are generally the pizza loving people. They generally target the customers starting from college goers to people in their fifties. They not only target the lower-class people with their products but also the middle-class customers with bigger budgets. Children are not often seen to be the regular customers of Domino’s Pizza. They are

Lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Lit - Essay Example In the early days, those schools not attached to a church were primarily intended for the sons of nobility as a means of preparing them for future leadership and, by the seventeenth century, many schools had opened that were supported by private foundations with positions being offered to the poor. The earlier schools catered to specific social classes, frequently requiring students to live within the grounds during the instructional period and sometimes functioning as full-service orphanages. Schools were structured to admit both boys and girls, only boys or only girls depending upon the proprietor and the method of instruction was also left to the discretion of the proprietor. There was widespread concern, however, that educating the masses would lead to large-scale uprisings, so these early attempts at the formation of a national education system began to fade replaced by trade schools, apprenticeships and a general apathy on the parts of the wealthy and the poor alike regarding f ormal education. By the early nineteenth century, the period classified as the Georgian period, curriculum at these schools had been mostly structured to provide appropriate instruction for the particular social class to which it catered (Gillard, 2004). Although this was almost universally true, there was no national curriculum, no standardized block of subjects to be taught and methods of instruction varied as widely as the reputations of said schools. This lack of a formalized national curriculum or even basic curriculum guidelines made it easier for the other form of education system in England to flourish as well. Those families who could afford it often hired governesses for daughters or tutors for sons to instruct their children upon the family grounds, instructing the children in those subjects the family felt important and the educator was qualified to teach. These qualifications were

The Importance of Proper Nurtition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Importance of Proper Nurtition - Essay Example Proper feeding, however, does not include only intake of food. The body depends on various types of substances such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, fats and minerals, and an appropriate balances must be maintained among these substances so that all segments of the body's metabolic systems can be supplied with the necessary materials. Therefore, a variety of food must be used in order to have a proper diet. The various substances that are introduced to the human organism have a specific energy value. According to Guyton, the energy liberated from each gram of carbohydrate as it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water is 4.1 Calories (1 Calorie equals 1 kilocalorie), and that liberated from fat is 9.3 calories. The energy liberated from metabolism of the average protein of the diet as each gram is oxidized to carbon dioxide, water and urea is 4.35 calories. Also, these substances vary in the average percentages that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract: about 98 per cent of the carbohydrate, 95 per cent of the fat, and 92 percent of the protein. The average daily requirement for proteins is 30 to 50 Grams. 20 to 30 grams of the body proteins are degraded and used for producing other body chemicals daily. Therefore, all cells must continue to form new proteins to take the place of those that are being destroyed, and a supply of protein is needed in the diet for this purpose. An average person can maintain normal stores of protein, provided that the provided that the daily intake is above 30 to 50 grams. During normal conditions, carbohydrates represent the most important source of energy for the metabolic needs of the organism. Glucose represents the main energy source of the brain. The British Nutrition Foundation states that carbohydrates should supply a minimum of 47 percent of our total daily calories. For example in a standard 2000 calories diet, the daily intake should be around 250 grams. One of the main purposes of fats is that they represent energy reserves. Indeed they do have the largest energetic value, but the body utilizes them after using up the reserves of carbohydrates. After the fats and carbohydrates are depleted, the body rapidly consumes the stores of protein. This makes the fats as, well as the carbohydrates, substances called protein sparers. It is estimated that the daily intake should be around 65 g. It must also be mentioned that all three types of substances play a part, either small, like the carbohydrates, or large like proteins and fats, in the body's structure. Vitamins represent organic compounds that have a major role in the functioning of the various enzymes throughout the body. They are needed in small quantities, like vitamin B12, whose daily intake is 3 micrograms. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is the only vitamin that differs, whose daily intake is 45 mg. There are also a variety of minerals and inorganic compounds that play a multitude of vital roles throughout the organism. Amongst the most prominent are calcium, potassium, sodium and iron. Calcium, potassium and sodium have high values of intake (calcium- 1000 mg, sodium- 2400 and potassium-3500 mg) while the daily intake of iron is 18

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Research Methods - Essay Example Whilst he acknowledges that legal compliance and laws may provide a correlation to state behaviour and international politics, Waltz feels that is theory that explains them and to this end attempts to reconstruct classic realism through a somewhat scientific approach. Therefore, Waltz’s book seeks to go beyond the classic realist position of politics in terms of state characteristics and state interaction with each other. Therefore Waltz’s central theory of neo-realism in international politics is underpinned by Waltz’s proposition that the system of international politics is inherently dependent on a system of anarchy. This system of anarchy according to Waltz effectively creates the international order of hierarchy, which is further defined by states who are unitary rational actors on the one hand and rational actors on the other. To this end, Waltz’s discussion of the Cold War highlights his propensity towards viewing the international political order from a systemic perspective as opposed to considering the intentions of individual states and human behaviour, which is arguably the inherent weakness of the book in context of contemporary international politics. For example, in focusing on the international politics as a whole state system as opposed to individual state level factors, Waltz avoids assumptions about human nature and morality and power in international politics. Waltz’s neo-realist paradigm proposes that the central factor in international politics is security and whilst gathering power, often results in destructive effects. Therefore, in propounding the idea that state survival is imperative in international politics, Waltz suggests that gathering power isn’t prominent however the goal of survival necessarily results in power being obtained by default. To this end, Waltz’s theory posits that the international system is the dominant factor, which he

Causes of Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causes of Immigration - Essay Example Let us discuss both of these factors in some detail. The economic factor is the most considerable factor for many people who migrate or want to migrate to the developed countries. Better job opportunities, wage differences, better standard of living, and growth opportunities are some of those economic factors, which motivate a large number of people to migrate to the developed countries. Some other economic factors, which make migrate, include overpopulation, lack of jobs, and the high cost of living in their home countries. On the other hand, there also exist many economic pull factors, which make developed countries allow immigration. Some of such factors include cost-effectiveness of the immigrant labor, less number of native workers, and economic expansion. Today, people seek better employment opportunities to excel in life. If they do not find such opportunities in their home countries, they move forward to such countries where they can easily find such opportunities. The economic benefits of immigration attract many people towards developed countries. The average income of a person is generally very low in a developing country due to poor economic conditions of that country. A person finds it very difficult to fulfill all requirements of life with such level of income and plans to move to a developed country to earn more money. Second most important factor, which makes people migrate to other countries, is the presence of social networks and connections in the developed countries. Today, many people have their relatives living and working in different countries. When people see the standard of living of their relatives living in other countries, they also want to have such living standards. Therefore, they try to migrate to those countries where someone is already there to assist them in getting suitable job and housing facility.

Volkswagen of America Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Volkswagen of America - Case Study Example This led to a situation where the company had to decide on a permanent solution which could not only resolve the issues, but help them to experience growth at every possible instance. Analyzing the new process gives a clear picture of each department and the process covered by the management. Matulovic’s decision seems to be a better one, as it deals with the problem’s base and tries to resolve it before it could affect the other departments. The new process is based on certain strategies that aim at eradicating the management issues and problems like setting the priorities and managing the budget. The budget allotments and managing priorities seems to be a herculean task and Matulovic ended up at managing the firm based on strategies that could help them to improve the company in every possible way. The priorities include proposing a change in the IT department, budget allocation, service oriented problems and product implementation. Taking a look at the present scenario, there is not much of a difference on the management side and the company has concentrated more on product and IT related issues. Since even a minor issue can lead to a big problem after sometime, it is important for the company to give due importance to all the prevailing problems. During the late 1990’s the company’s management failed to act quickly while deciding on the design of the vehicles. The manufacturing unit was made to wait til l they got an approval from the management side. They had to interact with the management each time a modification is required. Even the slightest change in the product was not permitted and the company waited till the next round of feedbacks came from the customers. When compared to the old process, the new process for managing the priorities is certainly effective. A detailed look on the new process reveals more information regarding the product development, resource allocation, budget management and other factors too. The improvement in the IT

Should the U.S. reinstitute corporal punishment Essay

Should the U.S. reinstitute corporal punishment - Essay Example Corporal punishment is diminutive of personal respect to each person. I believe that each person in entitled to a respect of his dignity. And this type of punishment is unacceptable. According to research, corporal punishment has not been effective as means of instilling morals and solving social problems. This type of punishment threatens the physical well being of a person. According to research, corporal punishment also results in depression, anxiety, stress and other emotional related problems. In the bible, there are conflicting provisions when it comes to corporal punishment. According to Robinson (2005), there are passages that contain or recommend the use of the physical pain to discipline children. One of these passages can be found in Prov 22:14 which states that â€Å"Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell (Shoel).† Some of those conservative Christians or followers of the Bible require parents to use corporal punishment. However, the so-called Golden Rule is telling us another point. Jesus always teaches us the theme to treat others as you would wish to be treated. But who wants to be paddled, spanked or whipped? Every person does not like to be inflicted with pain.

Audit & Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Audit & Assurance - Essay Example Therefore US introduced the Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002 and UK, in 2003, set up two reviews- RRAP (Regulatory Regime of Accountancy Profession) and CGAA (Coordinating Group on Audit and Accounting) (Gray & Manson, 2007, p.140). The audit committee consists of board of directors who are entrusted with the oversight of financial reports preparation and disclosures. The more reliable the information is the more it is useful and through the auditing this purpose is achieved. The shareholders of a company are its owners who appoint the stewards in the form of directors and managers to manage the company on their behalf. The problem arises when the stewards place their personal interests before the owners’ interests. And as the managers are at an advantage over shareholders in terms of information the auditing (both internal and external) functions become all the more important. The recent financial crisis has led to the requirement of enhancing the transparency on the managerâ€℠¢s activities and their risk management. The identification, analysis and management of the operational as well as strategic risk are the key to avoid failures of firms if the crises were to occur in future. The audit committee alone is not responsible to prevent the economic downturn but plays an important role by challenging the assumptions and estimates the auditors undertake as part of the audit process as the economic environment changes with time (FRC, 2011). Objectives of the Paper This paper has mainly five objectives. Firstly, to understand the rights and responsibilities of the audit committee and their importance in today’s volatile financial environment. Secondly, why firms need audit committees and what they are doing to improve audit committees’ effectiveness. Thirdly, the meaning and importance of Audit Assurance has been explained. Fourthly, there is an explanation of the audit process both internal as well as external. Fifthly, the role of regulators a nd audit firms in bringing more effectiveness in audit process and transparency in financial disclosures so that the investors able able to take informed decisions. Rights and Responsibilities of the Audit Committee The Financial Reporting Council has provided the guidelines on Audit Committees. The rights of audit committee are as follows: 1. All the directors and management staff are obligated to keep the audit committee properly informed even if not asked. They must be cooperative with the audit committee. 2. The opinions of the audit committee should be listened and discussed by both the management and the board. 3. The audit committee has a right to intervene if it finds any discrepancy in the audit and financial controls process. And if not satisfied by the explanations given by the management then it may seek independent advice. 4. The work of the audit committee gets time consuming and intensive; therefore management must provide them with the necessary resources including t he payment. There should also be a provision of induction and training of the new audit committee members in the company. The training may be continued if required. The board of the company should establish an audit committee with at least two to three members in consultation with the nomination

Reasons Why Mayella Ewell is a Dichotomous Character Essay Example for Free

Reasons Why Mayella Ewell is a Dichotomous Character Essay Mayella Ewell is a dichotomous person because she is like any other girl that wants to fit in. The one that wants to be something she’s not. She wants to be beautiful, accepted, have friends. She is tired of people thinking she’s dirty or feeling unwanted, like an outsider. She’s alone in a big room of people and cannot take it anymore. The first reason why she is a dichotomous character is she wanted to be accepted, but she can’t because she is unwanted by many people in Maycomb because of her last name, Ewell. The last name, Ewell is known by the people of Maycomb because the Ewell’s are sloppy and dirty and do not care about anything. So just because she’s a Ewell people judge her as dirty and poor, when really she tries to fit in with everyone by cleaning up her appearance and growing flowers. Then, here she goes not know what the word, â€Å"friend† even means. She only had one friend which was Tom Robinson, but she betrays him by lying to everyone in Maycomb saying he beat her up, when really it was her dad. She does this because she would rather save her abusive father than saving an innocent black man’s life, even if he was nicer than her father. Just these two comparisons do not tell you why she is a dichotomous character, the last one is very important because she pretty much shows you the main reason why she brayed Tom Robinson. She has this big, careless family that everyone in Maycomb doesn’t care for and her she is alone in her own family of nine people. They do not care for her, but she cares for her dad and younger siblings by giving them money for ice cream. No one feels her pain except her, and with that pain what makes you think she wouldn’t have two different personalities.

Is Emotional Cheating As Serious?

Is Emotional Cheating As Serious? Cheating in marriages and relationships has been very rampant especially in the contemporary society. Many people have lost their marriage partners due to cheating either emotionally or sexually. People are usually less committed and satisfied in relationships when they get a feeling that their partners are cheating on them. Cheating or deceiving on ones partner is usually driven by less commitment in one relationship whereby some people may cheat as an attempt to get out of a relationship (Gunderson and Ferrari 2008 2). In most romantic relationships the most common type of cheating is the sexual cheating where someone practices sexual behavior outside a committed relationship. The other type of cheating that is highly practised in todays relationships is the emotional cheating where someone shows stronger emotional bonds with someone else outside a committed relationship. Over the recent past there has been heated debate on the impacts caused by either of the infidelity in relationships. Many people have diverse opinions on which of the two is more serious and more disastrous to a relationship. However there has been general consensus that both are capable of breaking relationships and that the seriousness of either of them will vary from one individual to the other (Gunderson and Ferrari 2008 3) Emotional cheating is betrayal of ones partner although its rarely seems like it since it does not involve a real affair like intimacy and sex. This type of cheating does not necessarily create unwanted pregnancies, break vows or infect diseases (Pawlik-Kienlen 2007). Emotional cheating is known as the type of cheating that cannot be easily detected since it has less rigid boundaries. According to Pawlik-Kienlen (2007), its much easier to tell when your partner is cheating sexually but its difficult to precisely tell the extent your emotional attachment with your partner or with any other person. Emotional affairs may encompass movie dates, innocent dinners and even short picnics which the involved individuals take as normal activities in life. The distinguishing feature of an emotional friendship from other normal friendships is the sharing of problems, intimate secrets and triumphs that may not be shared with any other person even their spouses. Long conversations over the phone are also main characteristics of these friendships. According to experts on these studies the main characteristic of an emotional affair is that mostly the involved individuals are absolutely unaware of their behaviour and that they rarely see themselves as being unfaithful (Jet 2004 15). The fact that these people may not practice sexual affairs makes them to perceive their relationships as normal friendship that should not hurt anyone although in actual sense its hurts sometimes even more than the physical or sexual cheating. Emotional cheating becomes more dangerous and hurting to a woman when she discovers that her partner has someone else whose personality he prefers than hers. This then brings her a feeling that she is no longer interesting to her partner and that she cannot satisfy his emotional needs. Some people argue that emotional cheating has more adverse impacts on relationships since emotional affairs simply mean that these people are not just after physical satisfaction (sex) but they actually love the other person which makes their relationship long term. According to (Pawlik-Kienlen 2007), this cheating takes away more from a marriage relationship because one takes to another person feelings that should be preserved for his or her spouse (Pawlik-Kienlen). Emotional affairs are also more difficult to end because of the feelings involved and can easily break marriages when one is caught between serious choices to make. Emotional cheating is found to stick around and mostly results to future p roblems. On the other hand problems from physical cheating can be easily resolved and forgotten since sometimes they occur mindlessly like when someone goes out and gets drunk. In such cases its easily understood that there are no emotional feelings and that there is no existing relationship between the two. Emotional cheating also encompasses Internet cheating which has taken its place in family conflicts and relationships breakage in the contemporary society (Parker and Wampler 2003 415). People are finding themselves logging more times into the internets to talk to specific people. This type of communication advancing and that men are feeling more pleasure and relieve when talking to these online partners than they do when talking to their spouses. This type of cheating illustrates a pure emotional cheating. In internet cheating the individuals involved may not have seen each other and therefore can not be influenced by the thought of sexual satisfaction. This is viewed as a classic sign of investing ones emotions in other people in stead of concentrating them to your spouse. Emotional cheating is found to more betraying to women than it is to men. According to Morrison 2009 2), when women are looking for marriage partners, they concentrate more on the emotional and intellectual qualities of a man as well as his ability to be a good father and provide for the family. On the other hand men focus more on the physical qualities of a woman in order to ensure that she is capable of producing offspring and satisfy his sexual desires. This implies that since women invest more on the emotional aspects of the relationship, emotional cheating is generally much hard for her to handle and therefore she may feel more betrayed. Physical and sexual cheating Sexual cheating is mostly regarded as the physical sexual intercourse with another person who is not your partner in marriage or in a relationship. It occurs when a partner who is in love with his or her spouse, gives in to his or her sexual desire with another person. According to Grello, Welsh and Harper (2006), this type of infidelity is usually driven by opportunity or situational circumstances, use of alcohol or other drugs and risk- taking behavior (Grello, Welsh and Harper 256). For partners in deep love, such cheating which is mostly unintended, brings so much guilt and regrets in them. This cheating may sometimes be as a result of hostile actions, immaturity or sexual addiction. Sexual cheating mostly does not involve emotion feelings between the partners as in emotional cheating. This type of cheating may not be so detrimental to women like the emotional cheating but its also very destructive to relationships. An activity would be regarded as sexual affair not according to the presence of physical contact but because of other aspects as well. Strip shows, telephone sex and viewing stripers or pornography are all actions done out of sexual fantasies. According to Allen Johnson (2006), people who watch pornography or attend strip clubs are usually engaging in sexual acts and thus if they are involved in relationships they are actually cheating (Allen Johnson 154). In sexual or physical cheating, when a man or a woman does sex outside the marriage, their partners starts doubting their bed skills and what their partners could be missing in them (Gunderson and Ferrari 2008 4).. The cheated partner may feel that he or she is not satisfying his or her partners sexual desires. This then makes them to be very conscious about their performance in bed which in turn makes them loose more their desire of having sex with their partners hence making the problem even worse. A partner cheats, the other partner refuses to have sex with the cheating partner making the cheating partner to cheat even more. Sexual cheating therefore causes a destructive circle which can completely ruin a marriage. However sexual cheating has different impacts to men from what it has to women. Since men concentrate more on the physical qualities of a woman physical cheating is therefore more hurting to them (Gunderson and Ferrari 2008 3). As the providers in the house men want to be given the maximum respect and attention that they deserve and that physical cheating is viewed as lack of respect and attention for them. Men view sexually cheating women as betrayers who are even a threat to their security. On the other hand men view themselves as naturally potentially polygamous and capable of dividing their emotions and attention to more than one woman. This belief therefore makes men to put more seriousness on the sexual or physical cheating than the emotional cheating. In this perspective, women in cultures where polygamous marriage is upheld will regard emotional cheating as more serious than sexual cheating. On the other hand this sexual cheating mostly involves sexual intercourse which can sometimes result to unwanted pregnancies, breakage of vows or may cause infection of some deadly sexually transmitted disease like HIV/AIDS (Buss and Shackelford 1997). This therefore makes this cheating more serious than the emotional cheating in cases where a spouse becomes pregnant or impregnates someone outside the marriage or when they contract serious infections like HIV/AIDS. Such cases are more serious and difficult to resolve hence they mostly end in marriage breakages. In case of such occurrences this cheating therefore can result to guilt and depression which may end up to mental disorders. For many individuals emotional affairs is a great source of comfort and relief in times of relationship problems and misunderstandings (Gunderson and Ferrari 2008 1). However these affairs encompass some share of intimate emotions between individuals and when these emotions are invested regularly on someone outside the marriage the marriage relationship is usually compromised. Emotional relationship starts as normal relationship and then deepens through regular contact numerous mail messages and discussions. With time there develops excitement and ease in hearing from the other person. Emotional cheating is known to involve a lot of talking though it may occasionally lead to sex which then makes it like sexual cheating. However although the sex between these people may be passionate, their relationship is primarily driven by the feeling of emotional safety and companionship. The danger of emotional infidelity become worse when the door of emotional intimacy is opened and deepens the bond making the person in the emotional affair to start comparing between his or her spouse and the partner in the emotional affair (Parker and Wampler 2003 416). Sometimes one may argue that its easier to talk to his or her partner in emotional affair than it is to talk to his or her spouse. Other times your spouse may not seem to be listening and understanding to you like the other partner. Other times one may feel safe and comfortable when in the company of their partner in emotional affair than they do when in the company of their spouses. However its clear from our discussion that emotional cheating may result to physical cheating. Similarly the effect of either of the cheating may vary from one person to the other and therefore their seriousness is subjective. Conclusion Cheating in relationships is usually carried out in many different ways. The most common is the sexual cheating whereby research has shown most men usually have no emotional feelings for the woman and that they only show interest in the woman so as to get their sexual satisfaction and excitement. The other type of cheating is emotional cheating. Here men usually find themselves emotionally connected with other women besides their wives or girl friends and sex is not usually given the first priority. A man finds himself enjoying the company of this other woman more than he does for his own wife and they prefer spending their spare time with them (Morrison 2009 1). According to a recent study conducted on emotional and physical cheating, 75% of women admitted that emotional cheating is more hurting than sexual cheating (Morrison 2009 1). On the other hand most of the interviewed women also admitted that its difficult to separate the two types of cheating since both would influence their feelings for their partners. Which way looks at it any type of cheating, whether emotional or physical ends up in ruining a relationship (Morrison 2009 1). Normally when one partner cheats on the other in a relationship, trust between them is lost and chances of regaining this trust is usually very minimal. Everyone who is in a relationship or has been in a relationship does not need to be lectured on what cheating either physical or emotional can do. Experts say that one cannot be emotionally involved outside marriage and still expect things to function normally in his relationship at home. Whether the relationship does involve intimacy and sex or not it can be destructive to marriage relationships. According to Jet 2009 7 out of 10 emotional affairs result to physical or sexual affairs at the long run (Jet 7). This therefore implies that both emotional and physical cheating are interconnected and that its difficult to prefer one over the other. Sharing thoughts, problems and feelings as it happens in emotional intimacy is just like making love to one anothers mind before actually making love to their body. In other words verbal intimacy is just one step away from physical or sexual intimacy. Annotated bibliography Gunderson, Patrick and Ferrari, Joseph. R. Forgiveness of sexual cheating in romantic relationships: effects of discovery method, Frequency of Offence, and presence of Apology North American journal of Psychology, 2008, vol. 10 pp. 1-14 This article talks about the seriousness of emotional and physical sex as compared between male and female college students. The article gives discussions as got from interviews with college students about the infidelities and their ease of being forgiven. This article has helped in finding out that sexual cheating is more hurting or more serious to men as compared to emotional cheating. In the article we also find that its easier for women to forgive sexual infidelity than it is for men. Here some reasons of cheating like poor commitment in relationships are also revealed. Grello, Catherine. M, Welsh, Deborah. P and Harper, Melinda. S. No strings Attached: the nature of casual sex in college students: The journal sex research vol. 43 no.3 August 2006 p.255-267 This article talks about circumstances linked to physical cheating among peers. It also informs on the dangers of both types of cheating. By the help of this article in the journal of sex research, the research finds that immaturity, use of drugs and risky behaviours are some of the causes of infidelity especially among college students. In the article the consequences of after sex are also discussed. Pawlik-Kienlen, Laurie. What is Emotional Cheating? Jun 21, 2007 (http://psychology.suite101.com/article.cfm/emotional_cheating) This website describes what is emotional and physical cheating and how they start. In this page the characteristics of emotional cheating are discussed. From this article the research finds out the dangers of emotional infidelity and how they can cause long term problems in marriages. The site helps to disclose why women are more affected by emotional cheating than men. Morrison, Julia Emotional Or Sexual Cheating: Which Is Worse? Womens Sexuality Correspondent every other Tuesday (http://www.askmen.com/dating/vanessa_100/122_love_secrets.html) This website article compares the seriousness of emotional and sexual cheating and how they can easily break marriages. In this article the examples of emotional cheating are discussed. The mens emotional involvement in sexual infidelity is also discussed in this page. From this website the research finds that emotional cheating cannot be easily identified and that it can be long term due to the emotional connection. The article also helps the research to conclude that both emotional and physical cheating can ruin relationships and that the seriousness of either will vary from on person to the other. Jet magazine Vol. 105, No. 2124 May 2004 Johnson Publishing Company 64 pages (http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=Dr4DAAAAMBAJpg=PA15dq=Is+emotional+cheating+as+serious+as+physical+and+sexual+cheating%3Fsource=gbs_toc_rcad=1#v=onepageq=f=false) This magazine evaluates the ideas of different people on emotional cheating. Ignorance of people in emotional relationships is also discussed. From this magazine the research reveals that people in emotional cheating view themselves and doing no mistake since they dont venture into sexual affairs Parker, Trent. S and Wampler, Karen S How Bad Is It? Perceptions of the Relationship: journal of Contemporary Family Therapy, New Jersey: Springer Volume 25, Number 4 / December, 2003 Pages 415-429 This journal discus the various types of cheating. The article talks of internet cheating which an example of emotional cheating. From the article its found that internet cheating can also ruin marriages. The article helps the research in unveiling that watching stripers and pornographic material is just like engaging into sexual affairs outside marriage and that those engaged in such activities are actually cheating. Buss, David M Shackelford, Todd K Susceptibility to Infidelity in the First Year of Marriage Journal of Research in Personality Volume 31, Issue 2, June 1997, Pages 193-221 Academic Press. This article talks about the consequences of cheating and how they affect families. The book gives results of a study carried out among 107 married couples on the possible signs of cheating among their spouses. From the article the research finds the dangers of sexual cheating like contracting of serious diseases like HIV/AIDS which could make relationships problems more difficult to solve. Allen, Johnson. S Physical abusers and sexual offenders: forensic and clinical strategies CRC Press. 2006. This book evaluates the emotional, physical and sexual cheating are their various forms. The book helps the research to conclude that all types of cheating are detrimental to relationships. From the book we are able to argue that emotional sex is interconnected with the physical sex and that its difficult to prefer one over the other.

Integrated Library Management Utility From Prospects

Integrated Library Management Utility From Prospects The meaning of the term digital library ranges from a digitized collection of all digital information along with the services that make the information useful to all possible users. At times it is used interchangeably with term such as virtual library, electronic library, and a library without wall. A digital library is a type of information retrieval that used the science of searching for documents. The simplest definition was aptly put forth by Hunter and Mardis (2001), a digital library is a collection of information that is both in digital (electronic from) and is organized. Information may take in many forms such as images, video, audio, text, formatted documents and interactive software. All these collection information then are stored in digital formats and accessible by computers either through internal accessing using Local area Network (LAN) network or external accessing through online.[1] The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. A digital library is an organization, which might be virtual, that comprehensively collects, manages and preserves for the long term rich digital content, and offers to its user communities specialized functionality on that content, of measurable quality and according to codified policies operation (L. Candela 2008). The purposed digital library aims to provide an electronic system to help educators and student obtain accurate information; collect, store, and organized information in digital format; publish and share electronic resources; and learn how to use Information Technology (IT) tools to obtain information on local contents. The fundamental reason for building digital libraries is belief that it will provide better delivery of information than was not possible in the past (Arms, 2000). The major advantages of digital libraries over traditional libraries include: Digital libraries bring the libraries closer to the customers: Information are brought to the customers, either at home or work, making it more accessible, and increases its usage. This is very much different than traditional libraries where the customers have to physically go to the library. Computer technology is used for searching and browsing: Computer systems are better than manual methods for finding information. It is useful for reference work that involves repeated leaps from one source of information to another. Information can be shared: Placing digital information on a network makes it available to everyone. Many digital libraries are maintained at a single central site. This is a vast improvement over expensive physical duplication of little used material, or the inconvenience of unique material that is inaccessible without traveling to the location where it is stored. Information is always available: The digital librarys doors will never close; usage of digital libraries collections can be done at hours when the library buildings are closed. Materials are never checked-out, missed-shelve, or stolen. In traditional libraries, information is much more likely to be available when and where the user wants it. New forms of information become possible: A database may be the best way to record and disseminate information. Whereas conventional libraries are printed on paper, yet print is not always the best way to record and disseminate information. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The objective of this paper is to study the function of ILMU system on perceived ease of use of digital libraries. Further, this study also attempts to answer whether there is a relationship between the ILMU system and perceived ease of use in context of CRM. There is limited research done in Malaysia on the end-users perception of the ease of use and usefulness of digital libraries. Thus this paper attempts to study the nature of the relationship between system function, ILMU system modules, and effectiveness of CRM on digital technology among library staff in Malaysia. Methodology The methodology used was to examine academic libraries on the web to identify types of electronic information services available; the method of deliver and functionalities of these services. The selected organizations were those which used the term digital libraries or virtual libraries to describe the online library. history of ilmu In Malaysia, the use of Internet technology in libraries began with university libraries creating static web sites containing general information about the library, its collection, services and facilities. Libraries then began to incorporate Web-based Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) in the web site. Consequently, library systems evolved into Web-based library systems, with some of these sophisticated systems being able to integrate content management systems and facilitate the creation of Web-portals for the expansion of library services. As Chao (2002) observes, the rapid development of information technology is transforming key library services at a spectacular rate. By connecting to the Internet and WWW, the university library expands its access to information resources, some of which appear as digital libraries. Lately the term hybrid library is being widely used by Malaysian libraries as there are only just embarking on the journey to the digital world. ILMU was derived from the need to provide a seamless but integrated information environment representing a modern library system. From the paper-work description such as cataloguing, authority, circulation, etc. to the digitalized document and online database store. The end-product is a major step towards a true digital library but still maintains the lifework of the library system and follows the procedure of the library of congress classification (LCC). ILMU utilises client-server technology and accommodates multimedia; OLE, event-driven program execution and ODBC connectivity, in addition to conforming to international classification and standardisation schemes. Based on the digital library term and description, any information can be accessible and stored via LAN and online. The team that is responsible for ILMU had originally developed System Perpustakaan Berkomputer (SISPUKOM) in 1985, which won a National award and was awarded the first runner-up position for the Asia Computer Weekly Award for best software. But ILMU is not simply a revised or re-engineered version of SISPUKOM. It is a completely new idea and product built based on the experience on designing and maintaining the earlier system. It still used the concept of library system and follows the procedure of LCC but directed at utilising the latest technologies and fulfilling modern user prerequisites. From the CRM view, the computerised library information system is designed to provide both technical and customer information services in any library or information centre. By using the similar library activities and operation, it can be operated by customers both public and private sectors. Based on an open concept of software development, its modular and integrated approach towards library computerisation is complemented by its ability to be installed and executed in a number of hardware environments. Any update classifications are easily been upgraded to the new version. In commercial terms, the product has been successful, being enthusiastically received by customers both public and private sectors. It has been accepted most of the Information Center and been adapted by customer as a guidance and module in library system. ILMU was implemented at PTAR in January 1999 then presently been installed over 170 in Information Center. It is a library information system designed to assist librarians and library staff for daily activities and operation. ILMU MODULES and functions In the literature by Bunge and Bopp (2001), the three aspects of service are identified as (i) service that assisting customers in finding information, (ii) service that helps customers learn skills to find and use library collection and (iii) guidance to customers in choosing relevant information resources based on the need and presenting the information. This definition, together with Marchioninis categorization was used by Choi (2006) and expanded by him. In this study, Chois categorization was adopted to suite the study aims and the selected digital libraries were examined based on the following criteria: Availability of Internet Resources Digital reference service Availability of online user education Availability of links to reference sources Availability of links to search engines Availability of links / guide to citation tools. Other services Mainly the concern was to identify the availability of information services useful to students and researchers, the librarys main clientele. Table 1 shows the overall description of the various digital information services in the digital libraries examined in this study. Each type of service is described based on the various functions it had in the library. Any functional digital library should following five main components (IBM DB2, 1998): It should provide for creating and capturing materials and support an array of industry standard and specification, able to define and import data in varied format, incorporate templates and authoring tools to help in the creation process. It should include an access and distribution module so that information can be distributed over public or private network. It should provide search and retrieval components so that the contents of the stored learning objects can be search effectively, utilising keyword searches, Boolean search and ranking relevant searches. It should provide authentication and rights management module that control user access and protect the library contents. It should incorporate the storage and management of contents that provides high-performance, scalable storage and efficient digital learning object management. ILMU provide some modules in library activity and operation such as acquisition, cataloguing, authority, circulation, infotrack, IRS, and accounting that can be implement by the customers. CATALOGUING Cataloguing module provides user friendly, and established data entry templates. Ability to interface with on-line bibliographic databases that can store hundred thousand bibliographic at the same time. With its locally established data-entry templates, assist libraries in the management of bibliographic information retrieval. This module provides searching method to the customer in retrieving certain information needed. It also provides customer accurate calculation about the total of the item that have been stored in the database. Using this module, customer can modify texts to conform to local cataloguing requirements, and import selected records to ILMUs database. As such, custom tailored records are produced. This module also permits the generation and arrangement of lists, such as Shelf lists and Accession lists, according to the libraries needs. Cataloguing module allows customers organized different kinds of library collection with very systematic way and can easy accessing. It gives very good solution for various kind of problem occurs and bibliographic operation such as bibliographic maintenance, accession maintenance, release for circulation, deleted bibliographic records, and batch indexing. BIBLIOGRAPHIC MAINTENANCE Customers in the management of bibliographic information can use Bibliographic Organisation to locally establish data-entry interfaces. It allows the customer to enter a new record and index the record so that it can be used by other customer. This feature also enabling the customer to edit, modify or delete the existing records. ACCESSION MAINTENANCE Accession Maintenance is the process allows the customer to record all the details of accession for every item in library. At the same time, it allows the customer to create a new accession record, edit or modify the existing accession record and also can deleting the records. RELEASE FOR CIRCULATION Release for Circulation is the last function can be done in Cataloguing Module. After this function, the item can be manipulated in Edaran unit of a library. Customer can borrow, return and also can reserve the item. The status for the item will be changed from Final Processing to Available after the function. DELETED BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS All the deleted items in Cataloguing module are stored in Deleted Bibliographic Record. Customer can use Deleted Bibliographic Records function to permanently delete a record. BATCH INDEXING The Batch Indexing used to indexing the buffer record which is temporary stored in batch. It enables customer to register the records into particular type of indexing. This process will keep the records into database for retrieving purposes. AUTHORITY MAINTENANCE ILMU authority modules provide valuable assistance to term reference. It allows users to submit terms that can be used by a library system to ensure the data consistency. For example, the author Kamaludin Muhammad uses his pen name Keris Mas for his writings. When a work written by the author is catalogued into the system, a user may key in Keris Mas or Kamaludin Muhammad as the author. When used in conjunction with the Cataloguing module, users are able to search for specific information through customized search keys derived from a variety of MARC tags. This mechanism ensures that when a user performs a search, it is possible to obtain consistent results. CIRCULATION Facilities tracking of check-in, check-out, renewal, recall, fines payment, generation of predetermined notification and a host of reports. Circulation is used by the librarians at the counter to perform activities such as borrowing items, returning items, booking, renewal, etc. the patrons activities will be recorded by the system and displayed in the enquiry screen. The functions of Fast Discharging are similar to Discharging. When there is scanner connected to the system, discharging will be executed automatically once the item is scanned. This will increase the efficiency of the librarian, especially when there is a long queue. The Item Recall is a request by the customer to the library to ask another customer who has an item checked out to bring it back to the library by specific date. Modify item status: Used by the librarians to modify the item status and able to displaying the related items. Reservation Scrutiny: Used by librarians to search the reserved item which has been given notifications. Item Branch Reassignment: The module will be released to satellite enabled site only. Batch Renewal: Gives the customer a flexible way to renew the items. By using this application, the customer can renew the items by grouping or one by one for same person. ACQUISITION Enables librarian to process users requests, create orders, and generate claim and cancellations. It also enables librarians to process customers purchase requests, to create orders, to generate claims and cancellations, and to record full and partial receipts. Librarians can import records from existing bibliographic databases or perform pre-ordering searches against the Cataloguing database for re-ordering purposes, thus reducing the ordering of duplicates On-line links with the Library Fund Accounting databases enable libraries to track all expenditures. INFOTRACK Enables customers to keep abreast with the latest events at the library as well as perform searches via features such as Library Map, Library Messages, Library Information, Library Calendar, looking for particular books, and journal in OPAC. Customers can browse through the latest news headlines or books and journals through the Newspaper Headlines and New Arrivals functions respectively. Also has an OPAC function, which permits quick information retrieval, and the sorting and printing of this information. Other facilities include Suggestion Box for obtaining users feedbacks, Patron Enquiry to allow individuals to browse through their personal information, Library Collection and Top 10 listings for librarians. IRS This module provides features such as creating a thesaurus, profile of patron, generating SDI listings, searching IRS database such as theses, articles in seminars etc. FUND ACCOUNTING This module is integrated with the Acquisitions and Serials modules respectively which allows transactions from the above-mentioned modules to be automatically transferred to the accounting database. SERIAL This module handles ordering, automatic prediction patterns, check-ins, claims, cancellations and reporting functions. Ilmu features In the ever-evolving world of library automation, ILMU provides organization with the perfect library solution: Open-Based on industry standards such as OpenURL, XML and ODBC. ILMU offer the ultimate in resource-sharing capabilities, full connectivity, and seamless interaction with other systems and databases. Reliable-The inherent multi-tier client/server structure guarantees that ILMU will meet your needs today and in the future. Flexible- Modular components can be tailored to accommodate the requirements of your institution or consortium. Easy to use- User-friendly workflows and intuitive graphical interfaces increase staff and patron efficiency. Customizable-Modifiable components enable libraries and consortia of any size to create unique management systems. Multilingual-Full Unicode support provides multidirectional and multiscript text capabilities. Â  L. Candela et al.: The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model Foundations for Digital Libraries. Version 0.98, February 2008 (PDF)

In Favor of Sex Education in Schools Essay example -- Education, Sexua

Sex education is a major subject of interest among teenagers mostly during the puberty period. The puberty period is usually characterized by increased sexual desires and maturity of the sexual organs. Sex education is of most importance during this period in order to avoid deadly mistakes. The argument over sex education started in the early 1960’s when the government sponsored a sex education campaign in schools worth $176 million (Lemken 2). This innovation aroused the interest of many prestigious American citizens and the debate on the legalization of sex education became more intense. It is noted that towards late 1960, after the pros and cons of sex education had been analyzed, it was finally legalized in the U.S. An American reporter, Cindy Patton evaluates that â€Å"about 40% of the total high schools in the United States introduced sex education as a free elective for students.†(26). Hence, it is seen that sex education became part of the curriculum of high s chools. Despite the fact that sex education has been frowned at by a lot of parents, it should be encouraged because it teaches teenagers how to live a healthy sexual life; thus reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy, rape and sexually transmitted diseases in the society. The human body is a very complex structure and as such, the understanding of the delicate parts of the body should be fundamental among teenagers. Bailey Kristen, the author of Sex Education, notes that the trend towards sex education is backward. He states that most people feel that sex education gives teenagers wrong information about their bodies. Moreover, they believe that it is the duty of most parents to educate their children on their sexual lives and not outsiders. This assertion is actually v... ...ation(NEA). New York: NEA.org, June 2008. Print. Manfredi, L. "Sexual Urge among teenagers". SeXis Magazine. New York: copyright 2009 SeXis Magazine Corporation, 4 May 2009. Page4. Print. Ogunleye, Kingsley. "Open sex communication/education and HIV/AIDS prevention among Nigerian Adolescents and Youths." Guardian Newspaper. Abuja: Copyright 2003-2009 Guardian Newspaper Limited, 18 March 2005. Page 12. Print. Patton, Cindy. Fatal Advice: How Safe-Sex Education Went Wrong. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1996. Pages 23-26. Print Ridini, Steven. "Health and Sexuality Education in Schools." Journal of Social Change. Westport, CT, London: Bergin and Garvey, 1998. 31-42. Print. Sprecher, Susan. "Perceptions of Sources of Sex Education and Targets to Sex Communication: Socio-demographic and Cohort Effects." Journal of Sex Research 45 (2008). Pages 32-47. Print.

Shramik Bharti Essay --

Sharmik Bharti is a nonprofit organization registered on the 15th of Oct. 1986, under Societies Registration Act of 1860. It is situated in Vikas Nagar of Lakhanpur, Kanpur and works for both urban and rural communities. It believes in building a true democratic society. Eradication of poverty, empowerment of women, welfare of children and community’s capacity building are its main goals. The organization now has more than 90 full time professionals and 150 community based volunteers striving hard for the betterment of 125 slums and 11 blocks of Kanpur and Dehat districts of Kanpur. The early years of its inception were very genuinely spent in identifying the problems of the community and their root causes. Right from 1986, the organization was working along with the people and for the people to better understand their priorities and the needs of the community. Based on these findings, there emerged Self Help Groups for the empowerment of people. These groups became one of the core strengths of Shramik Bharti and worked for the slums of both rural and urban areas of Kanpur. Importance was given to the creation of sanitation infrastructure and the introduction of health care facilities in these areas. From then onwards, there is no look back for Shramik Bharati. It had taken up many useful activities for the betterment of the people and the community. To cite a few, reclamation of waste land for generation of livelihood, establishing partnerships with support organizations to cater to the needs of the society, respecting people’s choices and assisting them to improve upon those areas etc. To achieve their objectives and goals Shramik Bharti focuses on three core areas... ... This program of the Shramik Bharti is the charity based and is supported by Helpage. Under this project, till now more than 51 senior citizens who don’t have proper livelihood and shelter are taken care of. Shramik Bharti appointed a five member committee to support such people and fulfill their basic day today needs. Grassroot Democracy: Our country is still facing certain socio economic challenges. To overcome these, community based organizations need to go hand in hand with the public organizations both at rural and urban levels. Shramik Bharti strongly believes in this principle and working hard to attend the challenges at grass root level. Thus, Shramik Bharti as a nonprofit, nongovernmental organization is striving hard to build a strong community where there are no traces of poverty and women are empowered to handle their own lives with immense confidence.

The Spanish-American War :: Spanish-American War Essays

THESIS : â€Å" The United States didn’t want to get involved in the Spanish-American War, but was dragged into it due to yellow journalism, they wanted to control the seas, and wanted complete control over Cuba.† For 113 days during the summer of 1898, the United States was at war with Spain. Neither the president of the United States, nor his cabinet, nor the the queen of Spain, nor her ministers wanted the war wanted the war. It happened eventhough they made their best efforts to prevent it. It happened because of ambition, miscalculation, and stupidity; and it happened because of kindness, wit, and resourcefulness. It also happened because some were indifferent to the suffering of the world’s wretched and others were not (O’Toole 17). By winning the war the United States proved the the rest of the world and to itself that it could and would fight against foreign nations. For many years, world power had been concentrated in the countries in Europe. Nations such as Great Britain, France, Germany, and Spain had the most influence in global affairs. But a shift in power was gradually taking place as the United States matured. The young nation gained wealth and strength. Its popul ation grew immensely, and many people believed it would become a major world power (Bachrach, 11) Spain was one of the many European countries that had territory in the United States. Spain controlled mostly some islands off the coast of Central America. The most important of these were Cuba and Puerto Rico. The United States was led to believe that the Spanish mosgoverned and abused the people of these islands. In fact, Spain did overtax and mistreat the Cubans, who rebelled in 1868 and again in 1895. Thus, the American people felt sympathetic toward the Cuban independence movement. In addition, Spain had frequently interfered with trade between its colonies and the United States. Even though the United States had been a trading partner with Cuba since the seventeenth century, Spain sometimes tried to completely stop their trade with Cuba. In Spain doing so, this sometimes caused damage to U.S. commercial interests. The United States highly disagreed with Spain’s right to in terfere with this trade relationship. (Bachrach, 12) The United States was also concerned that other trading and commercial interests were threatened by the number of ships and soldiers Spain kept in the area. If the United States had to fight a war with Canada or Mexico, these Spanish forces could quickly mobilize against the United States. The Spanish-American War :: Spanish-American War Essays THESIS : â€Å" The United States didn’t want to get involved in the Spanish-American War, but was dragged into it due to yellow journalism, they wanted to control the seas, and wanted complete control over Cuba.† For 113 days during the summer of 1898, the United States was at war with Spain. Neither the president of the United States, nor his cabinet, nor the the queen of Spain, nor her ministers wanted the war wanted the war. It happened eventhough they made their best efforts to prevent it. It happened because of ambition, miscalculation, and stupidity; and it happened because of kindness, wit, and resourcefulness. It also happened because some were indifferent to the suffering of the world’s wretched and others were not (O’Toole 17). By winning the war the United States proved the the rest of the world and to itself that it could and would fight against foreign nations. For many years, world power had been concentrated in the countries in Europe. Nations such as Great Britain, France, Germany, and Spain had the most influence in global affairs. But a shift in power was gradually taking place as the United States matured. The young nation gained wealth and strength. Its popul ation grew immensely, and many people believed it would become a major world power (Bachrach, 11) Spain was one of the many European countries that had territory in the United States. Spain controlled mostly some islands off the coast of Central America. The most important of these were Cuba and Puerto Rico. The United States was led to believe that the Spanish mosgoverned and abused the people of these islands. In fact, Spain did overtax and mistreat the Cubans, who rebelled in 1868 and again in 1895. Thus, the American people felt sympathetic toward the Cuban independence movement. In addition, Spain had frequently interfered with trade between its colonies and the United States. Even though the United States had been a trading partner with Cuba since the seventeenth century, Spain sometimes tried to completely stop their trade with Cuba. In Spain doing so, this sometimes caused damage to U.S. commercial interests. The United States highly disagreed with Spain’s right to in terfere with this trade relationship. (Bachrach, 12) The United States was also concerned that other trading and commercial interests were threatened by the number of ships and soldiers Spain kept in the area. If the United States had to fight a war with Canada or Mexico, these Spanish forces could quickly mobilize against the United States.

Political Philosophy and User Responses Essay

1. The belief that a person’s fate can be closely attributed to his or her own efforts is KNOWN AS ________ AND IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE AMERICAN DREAM. a. populism b. equality c. individualism d. republicanism e. fatalism Grade: 1 User Responses: c. individualism Feedback: 2. Which of the following attributes is associated with capitalism, the economic system in America? a. Government should be involved in protecting the health of the financial industry over individual citizens’ rights. b. Government should allow the market economy to be free and unrestricted. c. Government should not obstruct individuals’ efforts to obtain property. d. Government should promote equality only to those who were born in the country. e. The national government should become more involved in state politics. Grade: 1 User Responses: c. Government should not obstruct individuals’ efforts to obtain property. Feedback: 3. ________ often predict the degree and type of political participation, which shapes political culture. a. Political values b. Demographic factors c. Community-oriented economics d. Individual incentives e. Group dynamics Grade: 0 User Responses: a. Political values Feedback: 4. Belief in which of the following ideals is part of the core of American political culture? a. Allegiance to parental homeland b. Strength in diversity c. Caste system d. Foreign diplomacy e. Government intervention Take the Chapter 02 Exam Section: Intro to US Government F 2014 flanery,daniel Submitted:9/3/2014 1:38:33 AM Gradebook Grade: — Questions Attempted: 25/25 Submission No: 1/1 2 Grade: 0 User Responses: c. Caste system Feedback: 5. Which of the following is advocated by socialism, which emphasizes planned economies over free market economies? a. Government ownership of key industries b. Private jobs over public programs c. Higher taxes for the poorest citizens d. Financial rewards for productivity e. Government investment in large corporations Grade: 1 User Responses: a. Government ownership of key industries Feedback: 6. Each individual’s political beliefs are rooted in ________ and ________. a. ideals; values b. core beliefs; experiential learning c. core beliefs; political attitudes d. partisan bias; values e. values; religion Grade: 0 User Responses: b. core beliefs; experiential learning Feedback: 7. Which of the following constitutes an element of the United States’ national political CULTURE? a. Belief that individualism hampers the overall strength of the country. b. The citizen class a man or a woman belongs to c. The notion that government is the basis for decisions that will affect all American citizens d. The idea that freedom is for those who earn it e. The rights and liberties citizens have Grade: 0 User Responses: a. Belief that individualism hampers the overall strength of the country Feedback: Take the Chapter 02 Exam Section: Intro to US Government F 2014 flanery,daniel Submitted:9/3/2014 1:38:33 AM Gradebook Grade: — Questions Attempted: 25/25 Submission No: 1/1 3 8. Communitarianism refers to a set of beliefs with a long history of impacting political culture in the United States. Communitarianism emphasizes the importance of ______ __. a. economic classes and communism b. agrarian practices c. limited government d. needs of the community over needs of the individual e. voting and democracy Grade: 0 User Responses: a. economic classes and communism Feedback: 9. In which way do Americans best express the essence of the American Dream? a. Their commitment to welfare programs b. Their universal support of limited government c. Their enthusiasm for capitalism d. By sending humanitarian aid overseas e. By regularly voting in elections Grade: 0 User Responses: d. By sending humanitarian aid overseas Feedback: 10. The term that refers to widely shared ideas about who should govern, toward what ends, and by what means is ________. a. subculture b. fundamentalism c. ideology d. political culture e. demography Grade: 1 User Responses: d. political culture Feedback: 11. What is the natural outcome of the United States’ history of immigration? a. A decline in diversity caused by the immigration rate b. Substantial racial and ethnic diversity in the American population c. The foreign-born form the majority of the U. S. population d. Domination by foreign countries e. Substantial racism and anti-immigrant feelings in the majority of the American population Take the Chapter 02 Exam Section: Intro to US Government F 2014 flanery,daniel Submitted:9/3/2014 1:38:33 AM Gradebook Grade: — Questions Attempted: 25/25 Submission No: 1/1 4 Grade: 1 User Responses: b. Substantial racial and ethnic diversity in the American population Feedback: 12. A belief in free markets, limited government, and self-reliance in economic affairs, combined with a belief in tradition, law, and morality in social affairs are values upheld by ________. a. socialists b. the modern Republican Party c.the Republican party historically d. modern libertarianism e. the Communist Party historically Grade: 0 User Responses: d. modern libertarianism Feedback: 13. A belief that individuals can provide stronger chances for economic and personal betterment for their children, if not for themselves, is part of the ________. a. American Dream b. Communist Manifesto c. American exceptionalism d. expectations of society e. American socialization Grade: 1 User Responses: a. American Dream Feedback: 14. Which of the following generally ensures that government follows the will of the people in a democratic system? a. Lobbying b. Elections c. Interest groups d. Initiatives e. Opinion polls Grade: 1 User Responses: b. Elections Feedback: Take the Chapter 02 Exam Section: Intro to US Government F 2014 flanery,daniel Submitted:9/3/2014 1:38:33 AM Gradebook Grade: — Questions Attempted: 25/25 Submission No: 1/1 5 15. One factor that has helped reduce political conflict over economic inequality in the United States is the strong belief in ________. a. equality of personal opportunity and individualism b. fate c. the promise of global competition for creating economic equality d. a strong work ethic creating equal rewards e. strong government intervention. Grade: 1 User Responses: a. equality of personal opportunity and individualism Feedback: 16. Most Americans would acknowledge that those with greater resources and connections to government officials are more likely to ________. a. participate in politics and be represented in government b. participate in a revolution c. become distrustful of the government d. be white-collar workers e. provide fewer opportunities to their kids than they had Grade: 1 User Responses: a. participate in politics and be represented in government Feedback: 17. While no single religion represents all Americans’ belief system, most of the FOUNDING POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES WAS________, WHICH HAS HAD LASTING EFFECTS ON THE LAWS AND POLITICAL CULTURE IN AMERICA. a. Jewish b. Muslim c. Catholic d. Protestant e. Pentecostal Grade: 0 User Responses: c. Catholic Feedback: 18. The fastest growing ethnic group in the United States is ________. a. Pacific Islanders b. Asian Americans c. African Americans d. Caucasians e. Hispanics Take the Chapter 02 Exam Section: Intro to US Government F 2014 flanery,daniel Submitted:9/3/2014 1:38:33 AM Gradebook Grade: — Questions Attempted: 25/25 Submission No: 1/1 6 Grade: 0 User Responses: b. Asian Americans Feedback: 19. Income ________ between the classes in the United States has risen steadily since the 1920s. a. caste system b. acquisition c. inflation d. inequality e. disbursement Grade: 1 User Responses: d. inequality Feedback: 20. Voters sharing any particular political belief have the greatest chance of shaping policy when they are ________. a. inspired b. registered c. canvassing d. dispersed e. concentrated Grade: 0 User Responses: b. registered Feedback: 21. Culture refers to ________. a. a series of expectations of a political system b. basic values about participating in a society c. a predisposition about participation in a group or a political system d. a way of thinking or a mode of behavior common to a group e. beliefs about a political system Grade: 0 User Responses: e. beliefs about a political system Feedback: Take the Chapter 02 Exam Section: Intro to US Government F 2014 flanery,daniel Submitted:9/3/2014 1:38:33 AM Gradebook Grade: — Questions Attempted: 25/25 Submission No: 1/1 7 22. The right to own private property is ________. a. more attainable for middle-income citizens in Europe b. not very important to most Americans c. guaranteed by the Constitution d. one of the economic incentives that motivates Americans to embrace capitalism e. only for those with wealth Grade: 0 User Responses: c. guaranteed by the Constitution Feedback: 23. Concerns about the level of_______ and its impact on regional politics and social cohesion from the 1920s to the 1950s resulted in many restrictions of ________ to the United States. a. immigration; entry b. education; immigration c. trade; economic growth d. terrorism; travel e. health regulations; entry Grade: 1 User Responses: a. immigration; entry Feedback: 24. A person who opposes government regulation of business is likely to be a ________. a. liberal b. communist c. socialist d. Green Party member e. conservative Grade: 1 User Responses: e. conservative Feedback: 25. The strength of the economy is directly tied to the monetary value of all goods and services produced in a nation each year, which is called the ________. a. mass production factor b. gross domestic product c. poverty line d. median household income e. Gini coefficients for the economy Take the Chapter 02 Exam Section: Intro to US Government F 2014 flanery,daniel Submitted:9/3/2014 1:38:33 AM Gradebook Grade: — Questions Attempted: 25/25 Submission No: 1/1.

Science Teaching: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

cognition Teaching Yesterday, Today, and tomorrow Science instruction can obtain on umteen forms. From the lecture hall, to the laboratory there argon a variety of ways acquisition can be taught. This essay explores the historical events and changes that accommodate internalized acquaintance precept and made it what it is instantly and where it may be heading in the future. (Martin, 2009) Science preparation was created to parting scientific data and events with students who are not branch of the scientific alliance but utility from scientific find outing. It is a way to pass water students scientifically literate some oecumenical concepts that pertain to scientific discovery. simple(a) cognizance education usually includes the subject areas of physical, life, earth, and position acquaintances. (Martin, 2009) The early days of accomplishment education began in the United Kingdom draw near the end of the 19th Century. Decades later the campaign for science education reached the United States. In the US science was taught in a somewhat disorganized manner until it was interchangeable in 1890. Following standardization, science broadcast slowly evolved without a great steal of mainstream excitement and localize until the 1950s with the clear up of the space age.After the Soviet heart and souls Sputnik program successfully launched several(prenominal) objects into space the United States became painfully cognisant that they were behind in science technology. From this engineer on in true American fashion the desire to compete on the terra firma stage became the driving commit for scientific discovery, specifically a incline into space. This awareness that the United States had some detecting up to do in prepare to rival the advances of other countries inspired hold up for higher quality science programs in classrooms across America in hopes that a crop of science- minded students would emerge. Martin, 2009) With the new focu s on science education came billions of dollars to storehouse it. Educators were given the materials to teach ever- changing scientific concepts as healthy as the tools to contribute a hands-on experience to students in the form of laboratories and field studies. Because discovery was changing at a rapid pace, science curriculum during this time was based on concrete scientific theory preferably than the latest discoveries. The main goal was for students to actualise a general understanding of science and to inspire students to become inquisitive and scientifically minded. Martin, 2009) Science teachers of the past and present share a common responsibility. They must(prenominal)iness catch a positive attitude about the subject of science to their students. Science teachers must present materials in and interesting, factual and fanciful way. They must engage their students in hands-on experiences. Teachers must give students the sense that they are able to gain an understand ing of the world of science and build upon it to add to their knowledge. Teachers must bump off scientific understanding procurable for students, sparking future inquisition and research. Martin, 2009) The ability for students to understand general sciences and beyond is a necessity. In the modern world, students go out be unavoidable to use scientific information as they make choices on a perfunctory basis. Also, students who are scientifically literate make headway from their ability to discuss, in an informed manner, many of the scientifically based issues the world friendship faces. Additionally, students will use scientific literacy in an ever-demanding workplace environment where they will be required to think creatively, solve problems, reason, and make decisions. National Academies Press, 1996) The science curriculum of today is moving in the direction of making students of the Unites States competitive on a general stage. With technology changing at an super rapid pace it is essential that American science education prepare students to sting on pace with advances as well as forge new paths in the science of technology. Also, the sciences that focus on the natural Earth have taken affectionateness stage as the world addresses issues interchangeable global warming, and the availability of natural resources.In an article that promotes the new National Science Education Standards it is proposed that new American standards will require major changes in ofttimes of this countrys science education. The Standards rest on the bring out that science is an active process. Learning science is something that students do, not something that is done to them. Hands-on activities, piece essential, are not enough. Students must have minds-on experiences as well. (National Academies Press, 1996) Todays science curriculum should continue on their flowing path and focus on technical science and physical science.Although the space sciences are still fascin ating, given the current postulate for the United States to lead the world community in other areas it important that the some relevant sciences receive the most focus. References Martin, D. J. (2009). Elementary science methods A constructivist approach (5th ed. ). Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth. National Academies Press. (1996). National science education standards An overview. http//www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=4962&page=1