Saturday, August 31, 2019
Persuasive Paper: The Crucible Essay
Introduction â€Å"Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it. The violent encounters of the past contain valuable lessons about resolving conflict.†           The happenings of the pasts are significant to any events occurring at any point in the present. From the fundamental ideology that past acting as blocks, the actions, decisions and every participating events that have occurred in the past predetermine the possibilities of the present, and eventually the future. In the movie, The Crucible (1953) written by Arthur Miller, the correlations of past events with the happenings of the present are largely illustrated. In different points of view, three unique angles of issues are considered the primary subjects relating to the repetitions of past and the failures of resolving the repeated conflict. For John Proctor, the native Salem farmer, he is confronted by the issues of affair with his previous maid, and maltreatment issues with his current. Meanwhile, Abigail Williams, the niece of the Reverend, has experienced being confronted by her affections and emotional attachments that damaged one relationship; however, after the incident in the past, it has now grown capable of damaging the community. Lastly, Elizabeth Proctor, the wife of John Proctor, has been confronted by trust issues towards her husband in the early parts of the movie, which eventually evolved in trust conflicts that led to the lost of her loved one. Discussion Persuasive Arguments            The three primary characters of the movie are the best illustration of certain individuals who fail to learn from their pasts and unconsciously repeat the similar instance, yet still end up being trapped within its lairs. In the story of crucible, the plot of has revolved in a latter medieval setting wherein a community happens to fall in the social fear towards the spreading news of witchcraft. It has been initiated by a group of locals headed by Abigail Williams who happened to induce illness towards the daughter of Reverend Samuel Parris, Betty Parris. In such event, the Reverend, being concerned to his reputation than his sick daughter, has initiated the wide search against the corruptions of these so-called witches. The hunt and legal trials have all revolved in the fraud manipulation and lies brought by Abigail, which in the end corrupted various innocents of their community, including the couple, John Proctor and Elizabeth.            Starting with John Proctor, his character in the movie possesses the pride of being a Salem native and the attitude of a hard-working husband. However, his past has revolved in the issue of having an affair with his former maid, Abigail. Markedly in the act 1, Abigail tries to entice and brings back the events of her past with John Proctor,            â€Å"I cannot sleep for dreamin’; I cannot dream but I wake and walk about the house         as though I’d find you comin’ through some door (Act 1).† However, John denies any attraction towards her and points out that the issue of their affair should not come out to the public. Such scenario illustrates the historical mistake of Proctor, particularly in abusing his authority towards his servant. Hence, the past of Proctor is able to catch up to his present in latter portion of the story. Abigail has brought the name of his wife, Elizabeth, to the courtroom and branded her as one of the witches. Meanwhile, prior to the incidents of his first mistake with Abigail, he is still unable to learn from the conflicts produced by his abuse of authority; hence, he repeats the abuse of power towards his servant Mary Warren. Due to John’s failure of realizing the conflicts brought by his history with Abigail, his encounter with Mary has brought him within the walls when Mary branded him as the warlock who manipulated her thoughts in order to falsely accuse the locals. In the end, since Proctor is not able to learn his lessons in maltreating his first servant, the repetition of the history has brought him a more violent consequence, which leads to his death trail.            Meanwhile, Abigail is also confronted by the same incidents of repeating history and the failure of comprehending the consequences of her action. In the story, Abigail is considered the manipulative character able to entice the manhood of Proctor; hence, leading to their illegal affair. After Elizabeth discovered the affair, she decides to send out Abigail resigning her from her servitude. In defense to her soiled name and humiliated figure, she brags about Elizabeth’s dominative treatment towards her. However, due to the incident, Abigail has considerable ruined the marital relationship between John and Elizabeth, especially considering the status of Elizabeth’s trust towards her husband after the incident. Despite of the trouble she has implicated to the couple, Abigail still pursues her ambition of obtaining back Proctor, and in her preferred process, she has enticed the public with her lies and accusations of witchcraft to various women within their community including Elizabeth. During the second repetition of her conflict, Abigail now damages the lives of various women in her community (i.e. Mary Warren, Sarah Good, Goody Osborne). In the case of the couple’s relationship, Abigail’s lies and enticement have caused further dilemma to both Elizabeth and John by having them imprisoned and branded as witches.            Lastly, Elizabeth Proctor, being the faithful and loving wife of John Proctor, has been confronted by her trust issues towards her husband after discovering John’s affair with Abigail. In the Act II, Elizabeth has manifested her anxiety and paranoia on the possible repetition of mistake that his husband did with their former servant. After the first incident, Elizabeth finds it hard to trust her husband and most of the time suspects him of being with Abigail. Such conflict has first resulted to the argument of the couple. However, during the second time Elizabeth’s trust to her husband is tested in Act III, Elizabeth is not able to comprehend and trust the plans of his husband. When John decides to assert the claims of his affair with Abigail in order to break the hold of Abigail to the courtroom, Elizabeth is asked to validate the statements of her husband; however, due to the conflicts of trust, and fear of tarnishing the name and pride of Salem community and her husband, she decides to deny the claims made by John. In this second encounter, the consequences have led their relationship to further shatter leaving them both separated by prison walls and the accusations of witchcraft practice made by Mary Warren against John Proctor and Abigail Williams against Elizabeth Proctor.            Evidently in the movie, the three characters have shown how history can repeat itself and further causes heightened impact during its second occurrence. Since the lessons in their pasts have been neglected, the repetitions of the conflicts have placed their present in heavier consequences. Personal Perspective            From the latter analysis of the concept through the movie – The Crucible, it is possible to conclude the philosophical truth in the initial statement, â€Å"those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it.†In fact, the tragedies of the story have revolved in continuous successions of their role conflicts, particularly (1) John Proctor’s failure of recognizing his maltreatment actions over his subordinates, (2) Abigail William’s failure to realize the damages she have been implicating towards the coupe and eventually towards her community, and (3) Elizabeth Proctor’s trust issues towards her once unfaithful husband. Evidenced by the conflicts and tragedies of the story, the failure of actually realizing the decisions and activities that led to particular events possess greater possibility of occurrence in the future.            Even in real life situations, from larger perspectives of society to personal experiences, negative events in the past most of the time occur in the present, especially when the primary cause/s of the problem is/are not determined. Learning from the events of the past is an essential preventive task in order to avoid the possibility of repeating the mistakes and wrong decisions created in the past. Some of the famous events that illustrate repetitive history due to the failure of undermining the triggers of these mistakes are (1) the events of World War I and its sequel – World War II, (2) Racial Civil war of Blacks and Whites leading to wide factional stereotypes which should have been resolved if the people in the past realized the indifferences only of skin and culture, (3) the bombarding of Pearl harbor to the deadly Hiroshima Bombing which should have been prevented if Japanese realize that the intents of the Pearl Harbor camp were not against the Japanese country.            Evidently, the statement, â€Å"the violent encounters of the past contain valuable lessons about resolving the conflict†, can be considered a factual justification supporting the initial sentence discussed in latter portion. The happenings of the present largely depend on what has actually occurred in the past; hence, without realizing the lesions, the possible causes of mistakes, the triggers of downfall, and the fundamental wrong of acts in the past, the events of the past tend to repeat itself. Clearly, every happening in the past provide significant lessons, which can expose itself either directly or indirectly, and it is only up to humans to determine these potential resolutions. From the examples given in real-time setting, (1) World War II should have been prevented if the Japanese learned the powers of United States; (2) the Racial Civil war between Blacks and Whites should have been prevented if Whites did provide equal treatment towards Black people and based their judgment in the principles of humanity – not in the color of the skin; (3) Hiroshima Bombing should have been prevented if Japanese troops had not bombarded the pearl harbor base camps just because of an assumption of possible plan of attack plotted within the camp.            Evidently, resolutions are presented every time an incident or even when a simple outcome of decision occurs. From simple mistakes to larger scope of damages, resolutions are always born from decision that initiates an effect. From three different perspectives, the characters of John Proctor, Abigail Williams and Elizabeth Proctor, have performed actions in the past, which eventually hunted their present days.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Beethoven’s Life Outline
1. Intro: Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was an innovator, widening the scope of sonata, symphony, concerto, and quartet, and combining vocals and instruments in a new way. His personal life was marked by a struggle against deafness, and some of his most important works were composed during the last 10 years of his life, when he was quite unable to hear. He is an crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, a pianist, a composer who remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. 2. Body:Family: Composer, pianist, Ludwig Van Beethoven, widely considered the greatest composer of all time, was born on or about December 16, 1770 in the city of Bonn, Germany. Although his exact date of birth is uncertain, Beethoven was baptized on December 17, 1770. Beethoven had two younger brothers who survived into adulthood, Caspar, born in 1774, and Johann, born in 1776. Beethoven's mother, Maria Magdalena van Beethoven, was a slender , genteel, and deeply moralistic woman. His mother was always described as a gentle, retiring woman, with a warm heart.Beethoven referred to her as his â€Å"best friend. †His father, Johann van Beethoven, was a mediocre court singer. Beethoven was born in a family in which his grandfather and father were musicians too. Beethoven's grandfather, Kapellmeister Ludwig van Beethoven, was Bonn's most prosperous and eminent musician, a source of endless pride for young Ludwig. After his mother’s death in 1787, Beethoven’s father lapsed deeper into alcoholism. As a result, Beethoven became responsible for his family. At home, little by little, Ludwig replaced his father.His father Johann, often under the influence of drink, was less and less capable of keeping up his role at the court. The young Beethoven felt responsible for his two younger brothers Carrer: Beethoven’s talent was obvious at young age. His first music teacher was his father. Although tradition has it that Johann van Beethoven was a harsh instructor, and that the child Beethoven, â€Å"made to stand at the keyboard, was often in tears†. He studied the violin and clavier with his father as well as taking additional lessons from organists around town. The musical and teaching talents of Johann were limited.Soon Ludwig learned music, notably the organ and composition by renowned musicians, such as Gottlob Neefe. Neefe recognized how extraordinarily talented Beethoven was, introduced Beethoven to Bach (also a . And at the age of twelve Beethoven published his first composition, a set of piano variations on a theme by an obscure classical composer named Dressler. In 1784, Neefe also recommended 14-year-old Beethoven be the organist of the court of Maximillian Franz. This post enabled him to frequent new circles, other than those of his father and friends of his family.In 1787 the court decided to send Beethoven to Vienna to study with Mozart. Howevever, only few weeks af ter arriving in Vienna, Beethoven learnt that his mother had fallen desperately ill, he rushed home to Bonn. After his mother’s death, Beethoven remained in Bonn and continued to carve out his reputation as the city's most promising young court musician. In 1792, Beethoven backed to Vienna to establish his career. From 1790 to 1792, Beethoven composed a significant number of works that demonstrated his growing range and maturity. By 1793, Beethoven established a reputation as an improviser in the salons of the nobility.In that year, he had also established a reputation in Vienna as a piano virtuoso. Loss of hearing, illness and death Around 1796, by the age of 26, his hearing began to deteriorate, yet he continued to compose, conduct, and perform, even after becoming completely deaf. The cause of Beethoven's deafness is unknown, probably because of even his habit of immersing his head in cold water to stay awake. In 1802, he wrote a famous text which expressed his disgust at the unfairness of life, that he, a musician, could become deaf was something he did not want to live through.Almost miraculously, despite his rapidly progressing deafness, Beethoven continued to compose at a furious pace. The most famous masterpieces in this period of time is symphonies No. 3-8, the â€Å"Moonlight Sonata,†the â€Å"Kreutzer†violin sonata and Fidelio, his only opera. Despite his extraordinary output of beautiful music, Beethoven was lonely and frequently miserable throughout his adult life. Short-tempered, absent-minded, greedy and suspicious to the point of paranoia, Beethoven feuded with his brothers, his publishers, his housekeepers, his pupils and his patrons.By 1814, Beethoven was almost totally deaf. In 1826, Beethoven caught cold, The illness complicated other health problems from which Beethoven had suffered all his life. He passed away encircled by his closest friends on March 26th 1827, just as a storm broke out. Beethoven died on 26 March 1827 at the age of 56 during a thunderstorm. Beethoven's funeral procession on 29 March 1827 was attended by an estimated 20,000 Viennese citizens. Music: Beethoven is acknowledged as one of the giants of classical music. His influence on subsequent generations of composers was profound.His work comprises more than 650 compositions. Beethoven composed in several musical genres. His works for symphony orchestra include nine symphonies, and about a dozen pieces of â€Å"occasional†music, seven concerti and only one for opera. His large body of compositions for piano includes 32 piano sonatas, 10 violin sonatas, 5 cello sonatas. Beethoven's compositional career is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. In this scheme, his early period is taken to last until about 1802, the middle period from about 1803 to about 1814, and the late period from about 1815.In his Early period, Beethoven's work was strongly influenced by his predecessors Haydn and Mozart. He also expl ored new directions and gradually expanded the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the set of six string quartets Opus 18, the first two piano concertos, and the first dozen or so piano sonatas, including the famous sonata, Op. 13 His Middle (Heroic) period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis brought on by his recognition of encroaching deafness.It includes large-scale works that express heroism and struggle. Middle-period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last three piano concertos, the Triple Concerto and violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), several piano sonatas (including the Moonlight, Waldstein and Appassionata sonatas), the Kreutzer violin sonata and Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio. Beethoven's Late period began around 1815. Works from this period are characterised by their intellectual depth, their formal innovations, and their intense, highly perso nal expression.The Ninth Symphony is his last work. His famous work: Symphony No5 (Fate), Symphony No3, Symphony No9 (written when Beethoven was completely deaf), Moonlight Sonata, Fur Elise, †¦. 3. Conclusion Beethoven was one of the most famous and influential of all composers. He is in memory of everybody. The Beethoven Monumeny, Bonn, was umveiled where he was born in August 1845, in honour of his 75th anniversary. A statue to Mozart had been unveiled in Salzburg, Austria in 1842. People all over the world consider him as the giant of classical music.
Reduce stress
There have various way to reduce stress such as listen to music , exercises regularly and have a good relationship with other people. Topic sentence 1 : Firstly, listen to music can reduce stress. Supporting details 1 : different person have different favorite music genre, but the most effective in other to reduce stress is listen to slow and classic music. Supporting details 2 : furthermore, music can lowering blood pressure, and decreasing the levels of stress hormones. Supporting details 3 : Listening to music can relieve depression and increase self-esteem ratings in elderly people. Topic sentence 2 : secondly, exercises regularly can reduce stress Supporting details 1 : in other to reduce stress need to have exercises at lease 3 days a week, when done exercises, sweats release with negative energy from our body and keep our mind in balance. Supporting details 2 : Otherwise, exercises can keep our body healthy and away from diseased. Supporting details 3 : to avoid feel boring with the same activity we can change our regular exercise from gimnasium to swimming, dancing, cycling, playing badminton or other extreme sports like wall climbing, and jugle tracking. Topic sentence 3 : finally, have a good relationship with other people Supporting details 1 : get to know about our friends and be socialized. Supporting details 2 : have a good sense of humor and sometimes make jokes with friends in office. Supporting details 3 : must have at least one best friend that can express any problems, always make parents as the best person to find any problem solve because they always know the best for us.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Innovation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1
Innovation Report - Essay Example This paper will examine the impact of innovation on Apple, Microsoft, Nike Inc. and describe how each company’s strategy, processes, products, and or services have been affected by innovation. To understand the impact of innovation on strategy, processes, products and services the definition of innovation needs to be understood. Innovation is not about designing new products, innovation is about creating or delivering to customer’s products or services they don’t even know they want but now they must have (Harvard Business Review 2009). Innovation is the thought of a new creative method; process or idea to a service or product already in existence and that has worked well but now has been changed or modified to fulfill a different need, market or demand. The change or modification will then bring additional revenue to the organization as a result of the innovative process. (Burns, T., and Stalker, 2006, 02) Strategy refers to how the organization will obtain the ends it seeks to achieve; strategy refers to a position taken by the organization. Processes are the learning, designing and planning of the strategy. Products are the results of goods through manufa cturing or a service. Services are the efforts or work by one person or group of persons who benefit another person or group of people, services are considered to be intangible (Betina, 2003). The impact of innovation is clear when looking at how any organization reacts and interacts with the changes of the market. The first organization that will be evaluated is Microsoft. Microsoft is one of the most profitable, most innovative and successful organizations in the world. Microsoft has successfully used innovation to maintain a competitive advantage and market share. Founded in 1975 Microsoft is the world leader in software services, solutions, applications and services that help business operate and stay competitive (Human resource management 2008). Microsoft is at the forefront of innovation and
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Its the Aggregate Demand, Stupid by Bruce Bartlett Assignment - 1
Its the Aggregate Demand, Stupid by Bruce Bartlett - Assignment Example Moreover, the author articulated that the aggregate demand is the major element with respect to the current economic condition that can create jobs and stimulate economic growth of the US. Throughout the article, Bartlett has critically explored the issue concerning the economic growth and downfall of the current labour market of the US. According to the article, it has been perceived that the lack of focus on aggregate demand along with insufficient investment and immaterialized consumption expenditure have to lead to a major downfall of the economy. The current economic policies of the nation are determined to be insufficient to address the needs of creating jobs and stimulating economic growth. However, the only effective measure to attain this goal is perceived to be related to increasing aggregate demand. According to the theoretical context, it is often attributed that the lower growth in the annual consumer spending substantially creates major vulnerabilities in the inflation rates that causes major debacles in the economic growth (Bartlett, â€Å"It’s the Aggregate Demand, Stupid†). In relation to the current policy measures of the Federal Government, the article reveals that Administration is centrally focused on maintaining average growth rather to substantially increase the level of annual consumer spending in the US. However, the mechanism is quite difficult due to the emerging level of unemployment within the states. Therefore, the existing administration is significantly inviting major risk for the nation due to its policy directed towards increasing savings while reducing the consumptions of goods and services by household, business and government. Although the policy of reducing aggregate demand promotes increasing household savings and maximizing the wealth, in long run, the process inadvertently calls for a major financial debacle in the nation.Â
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Do Immigrants Benefit America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Do Immigrants Benefit America - Essay Example Immigration also assists in the development and understanding of cultural diversities and helps in promoting anti-racist sentiments (Rowthorn 2004). But at one-time immigration becomes a problem for the host country as many say that it has become a problem for the United States as it has reached its peak. Immigration hereby contends as detrimental to the country in terms of factors which drastically affect the economic status, consumption of natural resources, environmental protection, and sustaining the increased population in the long term. Many point out this argument and this would be further discussed in this essay along with the argument of the proponents of immigration who believe that immigration is helping the countries to prosper in every way. Immigrants mainly belong to the underdeveloped nations where the financial crisis pushes them to immigrate. Policies which include the rules of free trade actually serve as a burden rather than reliefs for the poor countries making them dip into poverty even more. These underdeveloped nations have debts to pay off and much of their income goes into actually paying the interest on these debts. Moreover, the developed nations to pledge to assist these countries by providing them aid but these developed countries never reach their set goal. All these factors contribute to the increasing poverty in the world to an extent that it has been reported that over the past three decades 60 nations in the world have sunk deeper into poverty. The people living in these countries are left with no options and the final ray of hope for them is immigration. It is the only way for them to lead a better life ahead (Education for Justice 2006).
Monday, August 26, 2019
Asterios Polyp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Asterios Polyp - Essay Example He says that he is incomplete because he lacks the companionship of his twin brother. The lack in his life prompt him to act in strange behaviors. His realization that he had a twin brother worsen his life as he is bothered more than bring the chapter to a close. He says ‘would he have been just like me? Better than me, worse than me’ (Mazzucchelli). These things made him fell never satisfied with all the thing that he did. Moreover, in his analysis of duality, Asterios argues that in the beginning there were three gender; female, male and a combination of male and female. The split of the third gender borne a mirror of each and created a void that love certainly seek to fill. Asterios tries to understand why people separate and the motive behind love and search for completion (Mazzucchelli). The use of narrative and visual images are so well connected in search for missing element in people’s life so as to find the pieces that will complete their lives. Through visual, the author uses the theme of unity, symmetry and geometry and explains why circumstances if life are of different shape and not a dichotomy of two symmetrical or parallel experience (Mazzucchelli). The difference of the way he represent the character is synonymous with diversity. Each character has his or her own font, color and the text bubble shapes. Furthermore, characters are demonstrated as representative of their character. Hana is such a beautiful women drawn in purples to represent adoration. On the other hand, Asterios has his head and body shaped like a machine and also in two dimension to show his views of the world. He is always questions the existence and judgment of other people. Asterios does not believe in other people’s opinions and have a counter argument for every statemen t made to him. One of the most important thing that the author did when writing the Asterios Polyp is the use
Sunday, August 25, 2019
The effect of recession on the U.K. fashion clothing retail sector Dissertation
The effect of recession on the U.K. fashion clothing retail sector - Dissertation Example Large retailers provide the bulk of the sales for the Fashion Clothing Industry. They are the multinationals like the Arcadia Group, Marks and Spencer, Tesco, New Look, Argos, Next, Primark, ASOS, The Body Shop, Robinson Webster Holdings. But there have been thousands of other small retailers, about 12,000. For all these retailers, the impact of recession was a combination of decline in the business performance sometime from the last quarter of 2008 to the 1st quarter of 2009, and a drive to do business in other countries like North America, Europe, and Asia. Then another decline took place in the first quarter of 2011 right after the Bank of England decided to stop Quantitative Easing toward the end of 2010. Money supply, lending, employment remained low 2 years after Quantitative Easing injected ?200 billion into the economy. Poor consumer spending and poor consumer confidence paralyzed business prospects within UK. ... Table of Contents Abstract Overview 4 Literature Review 5 Impact of Recession on UK GDP 5 Direct and Indirect Impact of Recession on the Textile Industry 7 Effect of Recession on the Overall Clothing Sectors in UK 9 Effect of Recession on UK Lingerie Market 12 Effect of Recession on the Buyer Behaviour 16 Contrasting Views of the Authors 17 Effect of Recession on the Consumer Spending 19 Contrasting Views 21 Effect of Recession on the Value Clothing Sector 27 UK’s Clothing and Footwear Industry 29 UK Market for Cloth Manufacturing 31 Bibliography 54 Appendix Overview Recession was defined by the Bank of England (2011, p. 20) as a financial period wherein two consecutive quarters show declines in output at constant market prices. The British Chambers of Commerce announced this in November 2008, according to the BBC News (2008). It was during the second quarter of 2008 when the UK economy went into recession. It led to decline in output of the economy as well as increase in the unemployment rate. There has been decline in the real output by 6.4 per cent. However, in the second quarter of 2010, it was apparent that GDP had grown by 1.9 percent. Not only the UK but also the developed countries throughout the world experienced reduction in the outputs (Bell & Blanchflower, 2010). The research paper aims at providing a thought upon the effects of recession on the UK clothing sector. It further tries to investigate the effect of recession on the buyer behaviour within the UK fashion clothing market. Aims of the Study / Research Objective Initially in this paper it has been intended to prove that the recession had really affected the overall UK economy and hence the affect on GDP will be demonstrated in this paper. The main objective of the study has
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Investigate the hybrids of the bisection and the secant methods Research Paper
Investigate the hybrids of the bisection and the secant methods - Research Paper Example The rate of convergence which records the number of iterations needed to attain a particular degree of accuracy, is not the key subject when assessing the computational effectiveness of the algorithm. The quantity of floating point operations (flops), for each iteration should also be considered. In case the iteration needs many flops, although an algorithm has a greater rate of convergence it might take more time to reach a required degree of precision. This method is therefore faster than Newton’s method and has an advantage since it only needs a single function evaluation for every iteration. This then serves as a compensation for the slower rate of convergence when the function and its derivative cost higher to evaluate. Another disadvantage of this method is that, similar to newton’s method, it lacks robustness, particularlty when the primary guesses are further from root. In addition, the method does not need differentiation. The bisection method is the modest and most robust algorithm for root-finding in a 1-dimensional continous function that has a closed interval. The basic principle of this technique is that if f(.) is a continous function expressed over an interval {a,b} and f(a) and f(b) with opposite signs, according to the theorem of intermediate value, at least a single r{a,b} exists making f(r) = 0. This technique is iterative and every iteration begins by breaching the existing interval forming brackets around the root(s) into two subintervals of matching lengths. The endpoint of one the subintervals must have different signs. This subinterval is now the new interval and the subsequent iteration starts. Therefore it is possible to define lesser and lesser intervals such that every interval has r by checking subintervals of the present interval and selecting the interval where f(.) changes signs. This is a continous process that ends when the width of the interval having a root
Friday, August 23, 2019
Children and IQ Testing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Children and IQ Testing - Coursework Example When developing children’s cognitive and physical features are very challenging tasks. Their learning abilities depend on the teachers’ influence, environment and individual interests. Therefore, it is vital for teachers to identify their students’ strengths and put more emphasis on their weak areas. In cases where some students perform well than others, it is the duty of teachers to arrange for private tutorials for weak students. This motivates them greatly and helps them in clarifying the areas they did not understand in class. In my view, these gifted students should not be placed in special schools rather be mixed. That way, they can use their skills to help the weak ones realize their goals (Rosenberg et al., 2007, p. 415). In addition, gifted students have a high degree of empathy for other students. Therefore, through this they can assist their fellow students in conducting their assignments and meeting the teachers’ objectives. Finally, most public schools have not been able to meet the needs of extremely gifted students. This is because they lack adequate learning resources to nurture students of such behavior. Therefore,more funds should be channeled to public schools so that gifted students can realize their full
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Reveiw of Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Reveiw of - Research Proposal Example However, a more dominant reason that poses the real problem in containing CHF is the non compliance by patients of the physician’s instructions. This it leads to recurrent hospitalization of the patient and the path to recovery becomes cumbersome and, more often than not, fatal result ensure. Thus, the theory gains importance as on the prospect of evolving the proper means to identify the problems and come up with appropriate solutions to eradicate the same. The major findings to this theory of non compliance to physicians’ instructions stems mainly due to certain factors mentioned below: 1. Inability of patients to recognize correctly signs and symptoms of CHF. 2. Strategic failure to encourage patients to adhere to medication and create awareness and also physicians’ tendency to underestimate the values of preventive treatment. 3. Lack of expertise as well as focused study by physicians and other healthcare professionals in the subject and the areas where scope exists for improvement, to remove bottlenecks, besides curtailing any notion of prejudiced barriers. Therefore, to bring more CHF patients under the ambit of compliance, the task of basic training and education and incorporating many of the solutions and recommendations brought forth in the review of the research work discussed below are expected to help in overcoming the misconceptions of non-compliance. Review of Research In the modern day, with its problematic lifestyles, CHF has become a major threat to human lives. The challenges for healthcare professionals, in controlling this fatal issue in terms of finding solutions of long term nature, are a critical factor. This makes it necessary to identify the hurdles they confront in the process of recovery and rehabilitation of the patients assigned to their care, and how they can overcome the major constraints. Keeping in view this vital aspect, the broader concern that emerges is whether noncompliance plays a key role in recurrent hospitalization of CHF patients because of the physician’s underestimation in preventive treatment for improved outcomes. This major hurdle in efficient management of Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Time (PICOT) occurs mainly due to noncompliance by patients of the physician’s instructions due to lack of lack of awareness. In agreement of this hypothesis there exists overwhelming evidence and the reasons for the same, as gleaned from a literature review on the topic, are narrated below: 4. Ignorance and lack of understanding regarding signs and symptoms of CHF. 5. Strategic failure to encourage patients to adhere to medication and creating awareness in them on the need to overcome such problems through strict compliance. 6. The physicians and other healthcare professionals lack expertise in the subject and the areas where scope exists for improvement as well as to remove bottlenecks. Besides, they need to eschew any notion of prejudiced barriers. Hen ce, a formula has to be evolved, where more patients of CHF are brought under the perspective of compliance to preventive treatment and how basic training and education will help identifying the causes as well as signs and symptoms. Besides, it will also facilitate deciding and administrating the medication and treatment that
Declaration of Independence vs. Gettysburg Address Essay Example for Free
Declaration of Independence vs. Gettysburg Address Essay The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address are glimpses into America’s history. They were written in two different time periods: America’s first years in 1776 and the Civil War in the 1800’s. Despite their time gap, they are similar because they both explain to the reader what is going on during their time period. However, the country was going through different events and so these two documents are diverse as well. Both The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address were written during times of turmoil and change for the country. Both occurred during a time of war in which America was fighting for liberty and freedoms. During the Revolutionary War, the United States was trying to become â€Å"a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal†. It was battling for independence and the right to govern them in a way that would actually benefit the country and its people. So in 1776 when The Declaration of Independence was written, the country fought for freedom for themselves. During the Civil War, the country was divided in two, one half of the country fighting against the other half. They were independent as a country, but this time they were fighting for freedom for othersâ€â€the African-American slaves. In a way though, America was fighting for equality both times. The first was equal treatment for the British citizens and American colonists. The second time, the country was fighting for equal treatment for all men, no matter what skin color. Both these eras were a time of testing for the United States. The Revolutionary War period determined whether the states would actually be able to achieve independence. The Civil War was a test to see if America would be able to keep that independence. President Abraham Lincoln spoke about this in his Gettysburg Address: â€Å"we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure†. These two documents are similar because they are both written about a time of battle which tested America’s strength. The Declaration of Independence and Gettysburg Address are different for several reasons. For one, The Declaration of Independence is a statement while the Gettysburg Address was a speech. The authors were also targeting different audiences. The Declaration of Independence was written mostly for themselves, but also for the British government. The Declaration stated the sentiments of the thirteen colonies and â€Å"the causes which impel them to the separation†. This clarified where the people stood in regards to their independence. This was for the benefit and organization of the country, but also for the British to know that the Americans were not giving up on independence. The Gettysburg Address was a speech given by President Abraham Lincoln to the people of America. The Civil War was not an international conflict, but rather one inside the nation. The speech was aimed for encouraging and touching the hearts of the American people. Lincoln wanted them to not give up on the cause they were fighting for, but â€Å"to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us†. In the Gettysburg Address, the president was appealing to the people’s emotions in order to boost their war effort. This is another difference it has with The Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence appealed to the British government about rights that the people ought to have. The tone of the Gettysburg Address is more personal since Lincoln’s goal was to encourage the people. Lincoln achieves a personal tone by speaking about the brave men who fought in the recent battle. The Declaration of Independence, on the other hand, was written as a political document with a formal tone. It lists the main reasons why the people were demanding independence, which were mostly due to Great Britain’s offenses against the colonies. The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address are very distinct because they were appealing to different audiences and written in different tones. The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address have several similarities and differences. Although they were written during different time periods, they both fight for liberty, freedom, and equality. However, the two documents, one a statement and the other a letter, were targeted at different audiences. This results in differing tones. One thing similar, both documents were written with a courage and passion for the goal it was fighting for.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Importance of Vaccinations
Importance of Vaccinations Kasandra Padilla Each year the Department of Health and Human Services releases a list, essentially a schedule, of optional vaccines for children 0-18 months. Although these shots are not required, they are highly recommended. However, in recent years there has been speculation that the rise in childhood immunizations has caused excessive and unnecessary medical issues among children in the United States. This hearsay, spurred on by a handful of studies, claims causal relationships between developmental disabilities and certain elements found in vaccines. These studies, along with certain religious teachings and personal beliefs, have caused a number of parents across the United States to opt out of vaccinating their children. This decision has, unfortunately, caused the recent outbreaks of several, previously manageable, viruses in a number of America’s cities. In his article â€Å"Anti-Vaccination Movement Causes a Deadly Year in the U.S.†(2013), Brian Krans stated, â€Å"The anti-v accination movement continues to leave the door open to outbreaks of diseases that have been all but eradicated by modern medicine. These diseases include measles, polio, whooping cough, and more.†According The Center for Disease Control [CDC] measles is considered to be the deadliest childhood disease (2013), and all previously mentioned diseases (measles, polio, and whooping cough) are spread easily and simply by coming in contact with an infected individual. Although, in some cases, there may be side effects to certain vaccinations, the positive aspect of being immunized against a number of fatal diseases far outweighs the possible effects or reactions that may occur. Firstly, as briefly mentioned, vaccines save children from preventable diseases. Children are going to be children. So, parents protect them from sharp pointy objects, install gates to protect them from unsafe areas of the house, only feed them certain food for the first few months of their life, and do not feed them other foods until a certain age. Vaccines are another way to prevent one’s child from danger. According to Dr. Vincent Iannelli, a pediatrician in Dallas, Texas, today’s parents did not grow up in an era riddled with disease like Polio and therefore often forget the importance of vaccines (Vaccine Preventable Diseases, 2014). The World Health Organization [WHO] fact sheet classifies polio as, â€Å"a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system, and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours,†and includes symptoms such as, â€Å"fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs†(2014). Global Health Strategies [GHS], an international consulting firm that focuses on research in health care, mirrors Dr. Ianelli’s view and the issue of Polio, â€Å"Few remember a time in the US in the 1940’s and 50’s when fear of this crippling disease pervaded all pockets of society. Images of shuttered swimming pools and children in iron lungs and on crutches colored every mother’s daily worries†(2012). Therefore, due to the effectiveness of the very vaccines that they often contest, some individuals may not realize the severity and complexity of a disease. Individuals that choose not to vaccinate their children, known as anti-vaxxers, sometimes claim religious beliefs as the main reason for choosing not to immunize their children. One main issue that people cite is that certain vaccines contain fibroblast cells of fetal tissue. These fibroblast cells aid in holding connective tissue together (Hot Topics: Fetal Tissues, 2013). According to Paul Offit, a doctor at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, the tissue resulted from two terminated pregnancies that occurred in 1960, and â€Å"No further sources of fetal cells are needed to make these vaccines†(2013). In other words these cells are not taken from fetuses today, like some anti-vaxxers claim. In the same article Dr. Offit continues on to state that these cells are used for two reasons: â€Å"Viruses need cells to grow and tend to grow better in cells from humans than animals (because they infect humans),†and because of the Hayflick limit, where cells die a fter being divided a certain number of times, fetal cells are used because they are able to â€Å"go through many more divisions before dying†(2013). Dr. Offit also notes, in â€Å"Parents Fake Religion to Avoid Vaccines,†that religious beliefs have come to be the default; because of state laws protecting religious practices, people claim religious exemption when it is that they just do not believe there is a need for immunizations (2007). The second reason that immunizations are beneficial is that they prevent outbreaks from occurring. In her article, â€Å"Measles Is Spreading In Our Largest Cities Because People Aren’t Vaccinating Their Kids†(2014), Tara Culp-Ressler, the health editor for ThinkProgress, a non-partisan web-based news source, discussed how recent outbreaks have occurred in â€Å"Boston, San Francisco, San Diego, and Dallas areas. Measles have also recently been reported in suburban areas in Connecticut and Illinois.†Anti-vaxxers claim that other countries do not have as many vaccines and they do not experience outbreaks. J.B. Handley (2011) stated â€Å"Iceland, Sweden, Singapore, Japan, and Norway give 11, 11, 13, 11, and 13 vaccines respectivelyâ€â€all less than 1/3 the number of vaccines the U.S. mandates.†Each vaccine on the CDC’s schedule is highly recommended, they are not â€Å"mandated.†If they were mandated no parent would have a choice in va ccinating their child and there would be no exemptions. Also, Handley mentioned that each of these countries only have 11-13 vaccines. The US only has 14 vaccines; these fourteen are given in a series from 0-18 months, not 36 separate vaccinations as Handley leads one to believe. It is necessary to highlight, because of the sheer difference in land mass and therefore population size, the population of each of the countries Handley mentioned. The most current statistics show Iceland: 326,340 (Statistics Iceland, 2014), Sweden: 9.7 million (Statistics Sweden, 2014), Singapore: 5.4 million (Department of Statistics Singapore, 2014), Japan: 127 million (The World Bank, 2014), Norway: 5 million (The World Bank, 2014), and the United States: 317.3 million (United States Census Bureau, 2013). These statistics emphasize Handley’s error in comparing countries with a much smaller population to that of the United States, and further underscores the previous inaccuracies contained in his argument regarding vaccination requirements. In countries where they do not promote vaccinations, such as Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan (GHS, 2012), there are outbreaks of several diseases. For example, according to WHO, each of these countries remains endemic (2014). That is to say that communicable disease, such as polio and measles, are found regularly in these parts of the world. The probability of dying before one’s fifth birthday in Pakistan is almost 9% (86 in every 1,000 births) (WHO, 2014). Tara Culp-Ressler stated outbreaks in the United States tend to occur because families travel abroad, become infected, and then bring the virus back the US, infecting others who have not been vaccinated (2014). Lastly, vaccines are safe. Due to a handful of studies conducted by the previously mentioned J. B. Handley and Andrew Wakefield, the public now associate vaccines, particularly the MMR vaccine, with causing autism. Each of these individuals has been criticized for their lack of scientific objectivity in their experiments, with Wakefield in particular being barred from practicing medicine in Britain because of his falsified study (BBC, 2010). Unfortunately, their claims still remain on the public’s mind. It also does not help to quell the public’s concern when a celebrity, Jenny McCarthy, takes these falsified studies and uses them as a platform in an attempt to further frighten parents with the claim that her child suffers from autism because of the vaccinations he received. A study conducted by Sharpe, Gist, and Baskin (â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Unaffected Siblings Exhibit Hypersensitivity to Thimerosal,†2013) point their fingers at Thimerosal, which, according to the Immunization Action Coalition (2011), is a â€Å"preservative that has been used in some vaccines since the 1930s.†The CDC, as well as the Immunization Action Coalition, point out that Thimerosal is present in only one influenza vaccine, and has been reduced to trace amounts. It should also be noted that, should one choose, there are other available alternatives to that particular influenza vaccine which contain no Thimerosal (2011). So, this preservative that anti-vaxxers claim causes autism is, in fact, is not contained in the MMR vaccine. Parents, undoubtedly, want to provide the safest environment for their children in order to keep them out of danger. Vaccinating one’s child is no different. Unfortunately, there is an abundance of information available that can cause a person to feel overwhelmed. When a well-known celebrity is claiming her child suffers from autism because of a vaccine, a great deal of the public is going to believe that individual because she is famous and has resources the parent may not have. These claims perpetuate the myths of preservatives being harmful to a child, or that vaccines are unnecessary because such diseases they protect against have been eradicated when they haven not. Each parent has the option to speak with a doctor regarding vaccinations. In fact, the CDC (2014) recommends speaking to a doctor in order to receive all relevant and up-to-date information so that each person can make an informed decision regarding having their child immunized. References Countries: Pakistan. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countries/pak/en/ Culp-Ressler, T. (2014, March 14). Measles is spreading in our largest cities because people aren’t vaccinating their kids. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/health/2014/03/14/3408461/measles-outbreaks-cities-vaccination/ Handley, J. B. (2011) Compelling evidence shows that vaccines trigger autism. Epidemics. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Iannelli, V. (2014, March 30). Vaccine preventable diseases. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.about.com/od/immunizations/a/0408_im_illness.htm Infants, Children, and Teens. (2014) Retrieved from http://www.vaccines.gov/who_and_when/infants_to_teens/index.html Key Figures. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.scb.se/en_/ Krans, B. (2013). Anti-vaccination movement causes a deadly year in the U.S.. Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com/health-news/children-anti-vaccination-movement-leads-to-disease-outbreaks-120312 Latest Key Indicators. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/ Measles Vaccination. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/measles/default.htm Offit, P. A. (2013). Hot topics: fetal tissues. Retrieved from http://www.chop.edu/service/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-safety/vaccine-ingredients/fetal-tissues.html Parents Fake Religion to Avoid Vaccines. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/parents-fake-religion-to-avoid-vaccines/ Polio Eradication. (2012). Retrieved from http://ghstrat.com/issues/polio Poliomyelitis. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/ Population (Total). (2014). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL Population in the 1st quarter 2014. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.statice.is/Pages/444?NewsID=10348 Sharpe, M. A., Gist, T. L., Baskin, D. S. (2013). B-lymphocytes from a population of children with autism spectrum disorder and their unaffected siblings exhibit hypersensitivity to thimerosal. Journal of Toxicology, 2013, 1-11. Thimerosal in Vaccines. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/safetyavailability/vaccinesafety/ucm096228 Triggle, N. (2010). Lancet accepts MMR study false. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8493753.stm Vaccine Concerns: Thimerosal. (2011, February 25). Retrieved from http://www.immunize.org/thimerosal/
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
B Cell Activation in HIV Infection
B Cell Activation in HIV Infection During HIV infection, B cells can be activated by HIV virions, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, infected macrophages and CD40 ligands. Mannose binding lectin (MBL), a C-type lectin, is in a complex with the MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) enzyme and is involved in recognising and binding carbohydrates on pathogens (e.g. HIV envelope protein gp120 is highly glycosylated). When the carbohydrates are recognised, MBL activates the enzyme activity of MASP which causes the activation of the complement system by cleaving C2 and C4 complements resulting in the formation of C3 convertase. This activation and formation of C3 convertase is known as the alternative pathway of the complement system. C3 complement is cleaved by the C3 convertase enzyme and C3 fragments (C3d/C3dg, iC3b) are formed from this breakdown. These fragments are deposited onto the HIV virion surface. HIV IC (immune complexes) interact with CD21 (complement receptor) on B cells and C3 fragments acts as a mediator in the IC-CD21 interaction. CD21 is involved in the activation of B cells and a constant IC-CD21 activation could trigger the polyclonal a ctivation of B cells in HIV viremia. (1-4) Plasma dendritic cells (pDCs) express TLR9, TLR7, CD4, CCR5, CXCR4 and MCLR receptors. TLR7 receptor is stimulated by its interaction with viral ssRNA and TLR9 by its interaction with unmethylated DNA motifs of the viral genome. Stimulation of these receptors leads to the activation of intracellular pathways both of which involves the activation of the adaptor protein, MyD88. The MyD88-IRF7 pathway involves the activation of IRF7 by MyD88 which goes on to regulate the gene transcription of Type I IFN, leading to Type I IFN production by pDCs. NF-kB is also activated by MyD88 and causes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-ÃŽ ± and IL-6 by upregulating their gene transcription in pDCs. IFN-ÃŽ ± (a Type l IFN) induces the activation and differentiation of B cells into plasmablasts. The presence of IL-6 causes differentiation of plasmablasts into antibody secreting plasma cells. TNF-ÃŽ ± is involved in the polyclonal activation of B cells. The production of Type I IFN upregulates the mRNA expression of two cytokines involved in stimulating B cells in pDCs. These cytokines cause the activation, proliferation and survival of B cells, immunoglobulin class- switching and are known as BAFF (B cell activating factor) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand). Both cytokines belong to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. BAFF interacts with B cells by binding to the BAFF receptor (BAFFR) located on the surface of B cells. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells also activate B cells through the interaction of their CD70 ligand with the CD27 receptor on B cells, causing proliferation and differentiation of memory cells into plasma cells. HIV infected macrophages, activate B cells by Nef protein indirectly when it is taken up and expressed de novo by infected macrophages. HIV Nef induces the production of ferritin through the NF-ÃŽ ºB pathway causing gene transcription and releasing ferritin from the infected macrophages. Adequate production of ferritin induces proliferation of resting B cells into antibody secreting plasma cells by upregulating the expression of B cell gene. This activation of B cells can lead to hypergammaglobulinemia the increase in the level of gamma globulins (immunoglobulins) in the blood. (1,20) Figure 1 shows adequate levels of ferritin can lead to increase in immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in the plasma (hypergammaglobulinemia). To determine whether there is a correlation between hypergammaglobulinemia (B cell dysfunction) and plasma ferritin level in HIV infection. Plasma Ig levels were compare to plasma ferritin levels of 83 infected HIV infected people. The results obtained show that there is a positive correlation between plasma ferritin levels and plasma levels of IgA, IgG and IgM in the HIV infected individuals studied. As plasma ferritin levels increased, plasma IgA, IgG and IgM levels also increased generally. (20) The outer layer (envelope) of HIV virions contains viral protein, gp120, which can directly bind to receptors on B cells. Activation of B cells by gp120 causes polyclonal immunoglobulin class switching. This occurs in the presence of BAFF which binds to its receptor on B cells, BAFFR and gp120 binds to MCLRs (mannose-binding C-type lectin receptors) on B cells. The interaction causes IgM to switch to IgG and IgA through the upregulation in the expression of the activation-induced cytidine deaminase, an enzyme involved in class-switch DNA recombination. The HIV gp120 has also been found to inhibit the production of IFN-ÃŽ ± by pDCs by affecting the activation of the TL9 pathway involved in its production. The protein, gp120 binds to CD4, CCR5, CRCR4 and MCLR receptors on pDCs and its binding to CD4 and MCLR has been found to not produce IFN-ÃŽ ± by the TLR9 pathway. This prevents the activation of B cells by the TLR9 pathway through the release of IFN-ÃŽ ±. (7,9,10,21) B cells can also be activated by the interaction between CD40 receptors on B cells and CD40 ligands on T cells in the presence of cytokines (e.g. IL-10). This interaction activates the B cells to differentiate and undergo immunoglobulin class switching by causing class-switch recombination. Class-switch recombination is induced by the activation of NF-kB transcription factor which induces the gene expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). However, during HIV infection CD4+ T cells are targets for the HIV virus so number of CD4+ T cells are depleted suppressing this activation of B cells. (22,23) References: Moir, S., Malaspina, A., Li, Y., Chun, T., Lowe, T., Adelsberger, J., Baseler, M., Ehler, L., Liu, S., Davey Jr., R., Mican, J. and Fauci, A. (2000) ‘B Cells of HIV-1–infected Patients Bind Virions through CD21–Complement Interactions and Transmit Infectious Virus to Activated T Cells’, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 192 (5), pp.637-645. Jakubik, J., Saifuddin, M., Takefman, D. and Spear, G. (2000) ‘Immune Complexes Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates Bind to Lymphoid Tissue B Lymphocytes and Are Infectious for T Lymphocytes’, Journal Of Virology, 74(1), pp.552-555. Eisen, S., Dzwonek, A. and Klein, NJ. (2008) Mannose-binding lectin in HIV infection, Future Virol., 3(3), pp.225-233 Haurum , JS., Thiel, S., Jones, IM., Fischer, PB., Laursen, SB. and Jensenius, JC. (1993) ‘Complement activation upon binding of mannan-binding protein to HIV envelope glycoproteins.’, AIDS, 7(10), pp.1307-1313 Muraguchi, A., Hirano, T., Tang, B., Matsuda, T., Horii, Y, Nakajima, K. and Kishimoto, T. (1998) ‘ The Essential Role Of B Cell Stimulatory Factor 2 (Bsf-2/Il-6) For The Terminal Differentiation Of B Cells’, J Exp Med, 167, pp.332-344. Jego, G., Palucka, A., Blanck, J., Chalouni, C., Pascual, V. and Banchereau, J. (2003) ‘Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Induce Plasma Cell Differentiation through Type I Interferon and Interleukin 6’, Immunity, 19, pp.225-234. Chung, N., Matthews, K., Klasse, P., Sanders, R. and Moore, J. (2012) ‘HIV-1 gp120 impairs the induction of B cell responses by TLR9-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells’, J Immunol, 189(11), pp. 5257- 5265. Shaw, J., Wang, Y., Ito, T., Arima, K. and Liu, Y. (2010) ‘Plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate B-cell growth and differentiation via CD70.’, Blood, 115, pp.3051–3057. He, B., Qiao, X., Klasse, P., Chiu, A., Chadburn, A., Knowles, D., Moore, J. and Cerutti, A. (2006) ‘HIV-1 envelope triggers polyclonal Ig class switch recombination through a CD40-independent mechanism involving BAFF and C-type lectin receptors.’ J. Immunol, 176, pp.3931–3941. Martinelli, E., Cicala, C., Van Ryk, D., Goode, D., Macleod, K., Arthos, J. and Fauci, A. (2007) ‘HIV-1 gp120 inhibits TLR9-mediated activation and IFN-ÃŽ ± secretion in plasmacytoid dendritic cells.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, pp.3396–3401. Kadowaki, N., Ho, S., Antonenko, S., Malefyt, RW., Kastelein, RA., Bazan, F. and Liu, YJ. (2001) ‘Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens.’, J Exp Med, 194 (6), pp.863-870 Lund, J., Sato, A., Akira, S., Medzhitov, R. and Iwasaki, A. (2003) ‘Toll-like receptor 9-mediated recognition of Herpes simplex virus-2 by plasmacytoid dendritic cells.’, J Exp Med., 198 (3), pp. 513-520 Lund, JM., Alexopoulou, L., Sato, A., Karow, M., Adams, NC., Gale, NW., Iwasaki, A. and Flavell, RA. (2004) ‘Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7.’, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101 (15), pp 5598-5603 Lambert, AA., Gilbert, C., Richard, M., Beaulieu, AD. and Tremblay, MJ. (2008) ‘The C-type lectin surface receptor DCIR acts as a new attachment factor for HIV-1 in dendritic cells and contributes to trans- and cis- infection pathways.’, Blood, 112(4), pp.1299-1307 Jego, G., Palucka, AK., Blanck, JP., Chalouni, C., Pascual, V. and Banchereau, J. (2003) ‘Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce plasma cell differentiation through type I interferon and interleukin 6.’, Immunity, 19(2), pp.225-234 Litinskiy, MB., Nardelli, B., Hilbert, DM., He, B., Schaffer, A., Casali, P. and Cerutti, A.(2002) ‘DCs induce CD40-independent immunoglobulin class switching through BLyS and APRIL.’, Nat Immunol., 3(9), pp. 822-829 Tezuka, H., Abe, Y., Asano, J., Sato, T., Liu, J., Iwata, M. and Ohteki T. (2011) ‘Prominent role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in mucosal T cell-independent IgA induction.’, Immunity, 34(2), pp.247-257 Dai, J., Megjugorac, NJ., Amrute, SB. and Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P. (2004) ‘Regulation of IFN regulatory factor-7 and IFN-alpha production by enveloped virus and lipopolysaccharide in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells.’, J Immunol., 173(3), pp.1535-48 Cerutti A., Qiao, X. and H, B. (2005) ‘Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the regulation of immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching.’, Immunol Cell Biol., 83(5), pp.554-562 Swingler, S., Zhou, J., Swingler, C., Dauphin,A., Greenough, T., Jolicoeur, P. and Stevenson, M. (2008) ‘Evidence for a pathogenic determinant in HIV-1 Nef involved in B cell dysfunction in HIV/AIDS’, Cell Host Microbe, 4(1), pp. 63-76. Geijtenbeek, TB., Kwon, DS., Torensma, R., van Vliet, SJ., van Duijnhoven, GC., Middel, J., Cornelissen, IL., Nottet, HS., KewalRamani, VN., Littman, DR., Figdor, CG. and van Kooyk ,Y. (2000) ‘DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells.’, Cell, 100 (5), pp.587-597. Dedeoglu, F., Horwitz, B., Chaudhuri, J., Alt, FW. and S. Geha, RS. (2004) ‘Induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase gene expression by IL-4 and CD40 ligation is dependent on STAT6 and NFkB.’, International Immunology, 16(3), pp.395-404 Qiao, X., He, B., Chiu, A., Knowles, DM., Chadburn, A. and Cerutti, A. (2006) ‘Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Nef suppresses CD40-dependent immunoglobulin class switching in bystander B cells.’, Nature Immunology, 7, pp.302-310 JESSIE FLORENCE GHANSAH
Monday, August 19, 2019
The Transformation of Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities :: Tale Two Cities Essays
The Transformation of Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities          In Charles Dickens' novel A Tale Of Two Cities, Sydney Carton is a man of several distinct characteristics. Carton is shown originally to be a frustrated alcoholic, but then turns out to be a very noble and genuine man. Sydney Carton is also shown in the novel to be somewhat immature in his actions and thoughts.         Throughout the book, Sydney Carton does not always act or seem like he is the age that he is. He is depicted in the novel to be middle-age, perhaps in his mid-forties, yet several times he shows some very immature actions and feelings. One example is his feelings for Lucie Manette. Even after Lucie is married to Charles Darnay, whom she loves, Sydney refuses to give up his love for her. For someone in his mid-forties, this is somewhat an immature action. Had he been more mature, he might have forgotten about Lucie when she was married and found someone else. Another perhaps less important but very noticeable example is his appearance. He didn't seem to care what people really thought about him or the way he was dressed, and remained very calm and relaxed, maybe even carefree, most of the time he was in court. This also gives Sydney Carton an immature appearance in the novel.         At the beginning of the story and a large part of the novel, Sydney Carton is shown to be a very arrogant, frustrated man with a drinking problem. Several times in the novel he indulged in his drinking to the point of becoming drunk or close to it. Many times that he is seen, he is drinking wine or has a flask of liquor in his hand. This may keep him calm or help him to remain composed in the court, but it becomes more to the point of being a necessity or habit. Also, his drinking causes him to be loose with his tongue when he is with Charles Darnay after the trial, which makes Charles angry with him. This behavior was very ill-mannered and could have been prevented to give Sydney Carton a better appearance and attitude.         Later in the novel, towards the end, Sydney seems to change his
Sunday, August 18, 2019
The Media Dumbs Us Down Essay -- The Dumbing Down of America
The rise of media in our society has many effects on the consumers of the media. Many people propose the question: is this media making us dumber? Today there are a lot more forms of media available to people today. Through the media outlets of television and news, internet and user-generated content, and social media, people have many options as to where they receive their media. As a whole, the mass media dumbs down society, through their attempt to keep up with the changing of times and reach large masses of people. It is up to the consumer of the media what type they want to partake in. How do media compete in such an environment? The only way to compete is to go with it. To become it, and to help it. New forms of mass media is happening, will happen, and will not stop because we are a constantly changing society. The media tries to put a new spin on media that combines older media techniques with a new more advanced form of media that attempts to reach all of society. Even tho ugh they are effective at reaching mass crowds of viewers, and reaching people who may not have ever engaged in issues, they dumb down society by limiting the thoroughness of information presented. The dumbing down is usually applied as a derogatory term that refers to the simplifying of a subject towards the lowest common denominator. Americans consume large amounts of media. The average American spends half or their day watching hours of television, or listening to some sort of mass media. According to Shachtman author of The Inarticulate Society: Eloquence and Culture in America, â€Å"most Americans watch thirty hours of television a week, or 1,550 hours a year, listen to the radio 1, 160 hours a year, spend 180 hours a year reading some part of a ne... ...al_media_stats_kagan_fisch_mcleod Carr, N. (2008, Jul. - Aug.). Is google making us stupid?. The Atlantic, 1. Retrieved February 14, 2012, from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/6868/ Shachtman, T. (1995). Extracurricular Educators. The inarticulate society: eloquence and culture in America (pp. 95-142). New York: Free Press. Sommerville, C. J. (1999). How the news makes us dumb: the death of wisdom in an information society. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press. Wolf, M. (2007). Proust and the squid, the story and science of the reading brain. New York, NY: Harpercollins. YDSTIE, J. (2007, June 16). Does the internet undermine culture? : NPR. NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts : NPR. Retrieved February 10, 2012, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Hemingway: The Relevance of Biography to Interpretation Essay
Even a cursory examination of the literature addressing Hemingway’s writing and his life can seem overwhelming. The purpose of this paper, however, is to demonstrate that some of Hemingway’s writing can be best understood through reference to his own life experiences. This is not meant to suggest that the text does not at times provide some internal textual evidence regarding the meaning of the piece as a whole, for it most certainly does, but that external biographical evidence must also be considered and weighed when interpreting Hemingway’s work. In this paper it will be suggested that an examination of the external evidence, as it relates to Hemingway’s own life experiences, is particularly relevant to any interpretation of Ten Indians or Hills like White Elephants and that in these short stories a reconciliation of the external biographical evidence with the internal textual evidence may better aid in understanding the stories themselves. Significant Biographical Characteristics: Machismo and Gender Relations In order to better understand Hemingway’s writing it is necessary to know about the man himself and some of the major events and experiences which shaped his thought process. With reference to the short stories specifically addressed in this paper there are two biographical characteristics which seem to aid in efforts to interpret meaning or to otherwise try to make sense of the text. The first biographical characteristic is often referred to as Hemingway’s extremely masculine lifestyle or what some scholars have referred to as his macho orientation. It is well-established among scholars and historians, for instance, that Hemingway thoroughly enjoyed rigorous physical activities and pursuits; it has been noted that Hemingway was known for his â€Å"highly developed skills in such ‘manly’ fields as hunting, fishing, boxing and sailing. ( Harry Sylvester, who used to box with Hemingway frequently, once told me that Hemingway was the strongest man he had ever known. )†(McCaffery 12). He was, in short, an independent-minded writer whom enjoyed physical exertion, challenging himself through a variety of pursuits, and outdoor activities. While some scholars, such as McCaffery, have viewed Hemingway’s manliness in a positive light there are some whom have viewed him in a less flattering light; indeed, as a leading Hemingway scholar has pointed out â€Å"Others view his masculinity as negative machismo. They consider him the worst example of a sexist, racist, homophobic man, and often refuse to read or teach Hemingway, or make apologies when they do. †(Moddelmog 2). Whether loved or hated, therefore, scholars seem to agree on his manliness and his abrasively macho view of life. For purposes of interpretation, this informs us that though a gifted writer, and an artist, Hemingway was not the sort of intellectual that was confined to a library or a desk at home; quite the contrary, unlike many other writers, he actually did live in many respects the very type of life which he wrote about. His were not speculative musings, or romantic idealizations, but reflections and comments on situations and characters with which he was intimately familiar. Any attempt to understand or interpret his written work, therefore, must to some extant take note of Hemingway’s own life experiences and philosophical mind-set.. The second biographical characteristic which can aid in the interpretation of Hemingway’s text more specifically, with respect to Ten Indians and Hills like White Elephants, involves his personal experiences with women and how he dealt with gender issues such as relationships and fatherhood in his writings. Hemingway, to put it mildly, experienced the company of many women and seemed almost forever to have troublesome or difficult relations with the opposite sex. He loved women and yet he seemed to struggle to understand them in reference to his own lifestyle and psychology. Referring to Hills like White Elephants, one researcher has observed that â€Å"the subtle and dramatic dialogue in ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ reveals a clear, sensitive portrait of two strong personalities caught in a pattern of miscommunication due to gender-linked language patterns†(Smiley 92); another researcher, referring to Hemingway’s writing more generally, has argued that he must be understood as a human being whom was never quite comfortable about â€Å"his own failed or failing marital and/or extramarital relations. †(Spilka 299). Gender communication or the lack thereof, particularly that dealing with romantic relationships, is pervasive in Hemingway’s writing and can to some degree be related to his own life. In sum, external biographical evidence is extraordinarily relevant when attempting to interpret Hemingway’s writing and it must be considered alongside the internal textual evidence of each written piece of work. Ten Indians An initial and superficial reading of Hemingway’s Ten Indians suggests a rather common plot in which a young boy falls in love, in which he is subsequently betrayed, and in which innocence is lost or diminished in the process. In the instant story, the protagonist is Nick Adams and he falls in love with a young Indian girl whom he apparently adores and whom he trusts feels the same as he does; the twist is that she has been spotted with another boy and that Nick is forced to confront the betrayal. The betrayal, however, is not easily predicted; it is not easily predicted because Hemingway creates a pleasant setting and a happy family atmosphere within which to develop his more depressing plot. Indeed, the protagonist Nick Adams returns home to his father after spending a happy Fourth of July with his friends the Garners. Over a late meal of cold chicken and huckleberry pie the father, who â€Å"made a big shadow on the kitchen wall,†informs Nick that his Indian girlfriend Prudence Mitchell spent her Fourth of July â€Å"threshing around†in the woods with one Frank Washburn (Carter 103) Everyone had seemed quite happy. The Fourth of July is a joyous occasion for friends and family, and young Nick Adams is in love. Although scholars have debated Hemingway’s intentions, because of different conclusions discovered in preliminary and final drafts of the manuscript, it is true that â€Å"In the final part of the published story, Nick goes into his room after the conversation with his father, gets undressed, and climbs into bed, lying with his face in the pillow and thinking, ‘My heart’s broken†¦. If I feel this way my heart must be broken'†(Nolan n. p. ). Thus, the story would appear to be a familiar one of trust, betrayal, and heartache. Further and more careful readings of the text, however, suggest deeper and, possibly, more metaphorical intentions by Hemingway. If from a superficial point of view the story appears to characterize the fallen world of young love then from a more careful examination of the text, reference to the aforementioned biographical characteristics and the relevant scholarly literature the story may also be said to characterize the fallen world of a man’s sense of orderly nature itself. This notion of metaphor, that the text sets forth a young boy’s broken heart to represent a larger type of destruction, is persuasive given the context in which Hemingway set the story and given the way in which the destruction of the wilderness is simultaneously presented in the text. As an initial matter, it is important to understand that Ten Indians was one of many short stories written by Hemingway which detailed and explored the coming of age of Nick Adams. Some scholars have suggested that the protagonist, Nick Adams, was in many ways a personal reflection of Hemingway’s own coming of age story and that he was an autobiographical figure for Hemingway in certain respects. Indeed, there are several interesting connections between Hemingway’s personal history and the people and places created in the short story, Ten Indians. First, although Hemingway was born in Illinois, it is commonly understood that he considered his spiritual home to be in Michigan. This area served as the setting for this particular short story. Second, he relied upon the local Indians of the region to create some of his important characters; in fact, he drew upon his real life observations of the Ottawa and Ojibwa Indian tribes. Indeed, the Indians and their country had a profound effect on Hemingway’s imagination. From his first attempts at fiction and in his later Nick Adams stories, he would draw upon his experiences at Walloon Lake, using Indian characters and wilderness settings. (Nagel 108) Together, these real life experiences helped Hemingway to create both the setting and many of the main characters for his short stories. In addition to providing inspiration for his setting and characters, there was a deeper conflict which Hemingway’s real-life experiences contributed to his writing design in Ten Indians; more specifically, drawing upon Indian tribes whose lives had become fundamentally changed through close contact and interaction with a different American culture, Hemingway was able to cleverly depict a metaphorical illustration of innocence lost through the betrayal of Nick Adams by the Indian girl. Nick’s innocence, it can be argued, has been destroyed in much the same way as the Indian wilderness. Hemingway lamented the modernization which infringed on the forests of northern Michigan and the parallels between the destruction of the wilderness and the destruction of Nick Adams’ heart are striking. These parallels have been noted by one scholar whom has suggested that: Hemingway shows the wilderness being destroyed and, with the loss of the trees, the end of the Indian way of life. This fallen world is the setting of â€Å"Ten Indians,†a story that centers on the adolescent Nick Adams’s first disappointment in love as he learns that his Indian girlfriend, Prudence Mitchell, has been unfaithful (Nagel 108-109) When examining the text of Ten Indians, therefore, it is important to note these important parallels, Hemingway’s love of nature and his view of man’s place in nature. Literally speaking, Hemingway drew on a familiar and beloved setting and populated much of the story with the type of Indian characters that were well-known to him. Figuratively speaking, or metaphorically speaking, Hemingway managed to link the fallen world of the pristine natural wilderness with the fallen world of a young man’s broken heart. It is against this contextual framework that any analysis of Ten Indians must proceed. This is not meant to suggest that either fallen world was the predominant theme; to be sure, both the text and the scholarly literature would seem to demonstrate that Hemingway found both the destruction of the wilderness and the destruction of a first love as betrayals that would inevitable shatter an individual’s innocence and mark another stage in the coming of age of young boys. A young boy, reconciling the external evidence with the internal evidence, might be better advised enjoying the beauty of the forests than the beauty of insincere wiles of young girls. Hills like White Elephants Although a comparatively short story, Hemingway’s Hills like White Elephants is full of tension and moral dilemma; more specifically, the text appears to suggest that the man and the woman are debating whether the woman should have an abortion and what the implications will be depending on whether the abortion is done or not done. What is most striking, from a textual analysis, is the contrast between the rather relaxed atmosphere or setting and the deeply personal nature of the discussion. On the one hand, for instance, the man and the woman are relaxing at a train station, drinking alcohol, and waiting for a train. This would seem to imply a happy couple, an anticipated journey, and a relationship that will endure at least until the train arrives. These contextual clues, however, are sharply betrayed by the underlying discussion regarding whether the woman, Jig, will undergo an operation to have an abortion. One might anticipate some form of closure, some final decision arrived at by the main characters, but instead Hemingway leaves the reader grasping for answers as the story comes to a conclusion. He leaves them grasping for answers because rather than stating what decision has been made, and whether the American and Jig will actually ever see each other again, Hemingway finishes his story without a definitive declaration in either respect. With respect to the operation for the abortion, the woman states that she is willing to have the operation; the American man, however, doubts her sincerity. The reader is therefore forced to wonder, as the American wonders, whether the woman is agreeing or temporarily attempting to placate her partner and lover. With respect to the relationship itself, the reader desiring a firm and resolute statement is left grasping for straws. This is because, rather than departing on the train to Madrid together as planned, the American places their bags or luggage at different positions on the platform before rejoining Jig. The story then finishes up with the man being suspicious of the woman’s true motives and convictions and with the placement of the bags providing a possible clue that the relationship is doomed. The couple is together and yet the bags are separate; this is where Hemingway leaves his readers and scholars themselves have grappled with both the meaning of the story and the likely outcomes. The scholarly analysis of Hills like White Elephants has traditionally tended to focus upon the use of internal textual clues to determine whether Jig intended to have the operation and the fate of the relationship between Jig and the America; more recently, however, some scholars have begun to analyze whether and to what extant the short story may have been influenced or otherwise inspired by Hemingway’s own life. This bifurcated focus has been summed up, analyzed, and synthesized by one leading Hemingway scholar whom has stated the scholarly emphasis thusly: â€Å"Two recurring themes in analyses of Ernest Hemingway’s ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ are the debate over whether or not Jig will carry her pregnancy to term and the search for biographical experiences that may have inspired and influenced the story. †(Wyche n. p). This section will examine each of these scholarly inquiries in turn. The traditional scholarly interest has involved an examination of the text for clues in order to determine whether an abortion was actually pursued and the fate of the couple. A review of the literature reveals at least four possibilities: Three different scenarios have been seriously considered: the girl will have the abortion (albeit reluctantly) and stay with the man; the girl will have the abortion and leave the man; or, the girl will not have the abortion, having won the man over to her point of view. However, there is strong support in the narrative for a fourth outcome that fits in, with the dark overall prognosis presented in other scholarly interpretations: the girl will indeed have the abortion, expecting in this way to stay on with the man, but after the operation has been performed, he will abandon her. Various verbal and non-verbal indications found in the story support this interpretation of the narrative, as does the very symbolism of the title itself. (Hashmi n. p. ) Although an extended analysis of each scenario is beyond the scope of this paper, a rationale for selecting the most plausible outcome based upon the text is not. The most persuasive outcome would appear to be the fourth; more specifically, a superficial reading of the text suggests that Jig will indeed have an abortion and that the American will abandon her despite her attempt to maintain the relationship. First, the American places their bags in different parts of the platform. Analyzed literally, this seems to suggest that he doubts her sincerity regarding the abortion and that he is preparing for a separation. Second, they stand together and Jig tells the American that despite the strain of the abortion decision she remains fine. The man has made the decision to separate the bags whereas Jig would appear to believe that things will work out in such a way as to maintain the relationship. The man’s actions represent separation whereas Jig’s actions and words represent togetherness. It is therefore plausible to argue that she will pursue togetherness by having the abortion and that the man will pursue separation by encouraging the abortion and then abandoning or otherwise terminating the relationship. Although never explicitly stating such a conclusion, the fourth scenario is supported by the aforementioned textual clues. Other scholars have instead focused on Hemingway’s own life in order to understand the story; in this way, the abortion issue is treated figuratively rather than literally. As one scholar pursuing this biographically-oriented type of analysis explains â€Å"While the figurative abortion in ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ can be understood on the basis of internal evidence, the concept of abortion as metaphor invites consideration of a number of biographical influences on the story,†(Wyche n. p. ). While such an analysis requires a reconciling of certain parts of the text with information known about Hemingway’s personal life there are interesting parallels. One illustration involves the fact that Hemingway has been reported to have said that the birth of his first child led to the dissolution of his first marriage, that he was at the time too young to have become a father, and that â€Å"the author’s ambivalence toward fatherhood is well-documented†(Wyche, n. p. ). Against this larger framework, comparing the author’s real life with his written work, it may become plausible to argue that the scholarship dealing with the outcomes regarding the abortion and the relationship are in actuality tangential or irrelevant concerns insofar as the author was concerned; more precisely, it might be argued that Hemingway was merely incorporating difficult moments from his own coming of age experience without intending to offer concrete conclusions. In the final analysis, while it is both challenging and interesting to explore what Hemingway may have intended as a conclusion, it is perhaps more enlightening to view Hills like White Elephants as a writer’s reflections about his own past in which firm and absolute conclusions were never intended. Hemingway was placing the reader in his own shoes and asking what the reader might do, what the reader ought to do, in similar circumstances. Such an interpretation is consistent with the biographical data known about Hemingway and makes the story more powerful and personal by forcing the reader to draw his or her own conclusions rather than being force-fed a set of conclusions by the author. Conclusion In conclusion, what makes Hemingway so alluring is that he actually lived the type of life that he wrote about. It is therefore impossible to completely separate his own life from his writing as one might be able to do with other writers. As a consequence, interpretation must necessarily involve a balancing act in which external biographical evidence is weighed and considered alongside the internal textual evidence. It is this interplay, between real life and fiction, that perhaps makes Hemingway appear larger than life.
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Death-in-Life means to be living in a constant fear or thought of death, or a feeling that the soul is damned but the body remains. Life-in-Death suggests the idea that the soul will continue but the body will deteriorate. In the poem â€Å"the Rime of the Ancient Mariner†by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the paradox of death-in-life and life-in-death is a consistent theme throughout this piece of literature. The sailor’s corpses, the constant aging of the mariner’s body and the gamble of death and life suggest this theme in Coleridge’s poem.When a person’s heart stops pumping blood, the average amount of time for the body to start decomposing is four to six days. This average is dependent upon the temperature the body is kept; if it is hot and in the sun the body will decompose much faster than in colder climates. In Coleridge’s poem the sailor’s bodies are in the sun for seven days, yet they refuse to be subjected to the ravages of time. â€Å"The many men so beautiful / and they all dead did lie / and a thousand thousand slimy things lived on; / and so did I / †¦The cold sweat melted from their limbs / nor rot or reek did they: / the look with which they looked on me / had never passed away / †¦ Seven days, seven nights, / I saw that curse and yet could not die†(Coleridge, IV, 1817). The sailor’s corpses stay intact while their souls escape, leaving the mariner with the visible token of the living death that awaits. The wedding Guest proclaims to fear the Mariner because he looks so skinny and aged. â€Å"I fear thee and thy glittering eye, / And thy skinny hand, so brown. Fear not, fear not, thou Wedding-Guest! / This body dropt not down. / Alone, alone, all, all alone, / Alone on a wide wide sea! / And never a saint took pity on / My soul in agony†(Coleridge, IV, 1817). The Mariner explains that his soul is trapped in his body and his body will continue to age but will never rot e nough to release his spirit. In â€Å"the Rime of the Ancient Mariner†the Mariner explains to the Wedding Guest of how his soul came to be doomed. He explains that when he was on the ship with his crew that he saw another ship approaching.This brought hope to the whole crew because they thought that their bodies were going to be saved. When the ship approached, the Mariner saw that it was Death and Life-in-Death. â€Å"Her lips were red, her looks were free, / Her locks were yellow as gold: / Her skin was as white as leprosy, / The Night-mare Life-in-Death was she, / Who thicks man's blood with cold. / The naked hulk alongside came, / And the twain were casting dice; / ‘The game is done! I've won! I've won! ‘ / Quoth she, and whistles thrice†(Coleridge, III, 1817).With Life-in-Death’s three whistles she eliminates the sunlight and replaces it with dark shadows. She took the lives of the men on the ship, except for that of the Mariner’s. She cursed him with an eternity of living death. He is condemned to walk to the Earth and tell his tale to whomever will listen. The symbolic interpretation when death and life in death went to steal the Mariner’s soul; is that of arriving on a ship, when in biblical terms wood means death and water means life.Life in death ironically wins the soul of the mariner. In â€Å"the Rime of the Ancient Mariner†by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Death in Life and Life in Death is a constant contradicting theme throughout this metaphorical anecdote. The mythical preservation of the sailor’s bodies, the damnation of the Mariner’s soul, and the gamble between death and life-in-death truly remind the audience of this continuous theme.Works Citedhttp://poetry.eserver.org/ancient-mariner.html
Friday, August 16, 2019
Envirofit Company Essay
1. It is appropriate to consider Envirofit to be a social enterprise because their main focus is innovation, risk taking, and large-scale transformation to solve social problems. Envirofit is doing so by bringing sustainable clean energy solution to solve health and energy challenges on a global level at the lowest possible cost. They are combining resources while exploring and exploiting opportunities to create social value by stimulating social change or meeting social needs. They are meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet that need. In this case the need is clean air. Envirofit’s approach to shared value is to make a difference by focusing on energy and pollution reduction, and health and economic improvement. They wanted to create and economical value and also create value for society by addressing its needs and challenges. Envirofit hoped to reduce pollution by developing commercializing a retrofit kit that dramatic ally reduced emissions in dirty two-stroke carbureted motorcycle engines. Their approach was to transform their business thinking, recognizing societal weaknesses and create a way of solving both. The social problem Envirofit is attempting to solve is air pollution while increasing the income of the drivers through increased fuel mileage. Envirofit offer it’s investors a good reputation and a triple bottom line by giving them the chance to go beyond the traditional measures of profit but also include environmental and social dimensions. They would be more focused on profits, people, and the planet instead of just profits. 2. The Envirofit’s two stroke motorcycle engine conversion kit described as being targeted at the â€Å"base of the pyramid†because the taxi drivers are considered micro-entrepreneurs; using the small amount of money they earn to support their families. They typically earn $3-$5 per day after all their expenses. These drivers are in the largest and poorest socioeconomic group. The impact this has on Envirofit’s business model is that it would be challenging to find ways so that the drivers can purchase the kit at a reasonable price. It would be challenging to come up with a business model that would meet their triple bottom line objectives, allow for scalability, and provide the ability to raise start-up capital. The factors that they need to take into consideration include: the market, the customer, and the competition. 3. One of the biggest obstacles to be overcome would be developing a business model that would enable them to sell to customers in base of the pyramid markets and meet their triple bottom line objectives. Finding a way that motorcycle drivers could afford the projected price of the kit ($220), which is a significant money to the drivers because they make less than five dollars a day, little money saved, and little access to commercial credit. They would also need to learn the market, manufacturing, finance, regulatory, and cultural issues that the venture would face. Another obstacle is to provide a kit that would be commercially available, durable, and reliable. It also needs to have less power draw on the motorcycle and easy and inexpensive to install. 4. If I was offered the opportunity to join the venture as one of its key members, I would evaluate the long term impact of the venture. If it’s something that has the potential to make significant changes in the environment especially in third-world countries, I would definitely accept the offer. From what I read, it all sounds like a great plan but it needs lots of work and effort and I would definitely make the sacrifice because I think it would pay off in the long run. 5. I would look for start-up capital among the members of the ventures before looking anywhere else. It is very important for the members to invest first that way they can show potential investors that they are serious about their venture. I would also turn to nonprofit organizations and large corporations that are interested in making profits as well as helping the environment.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
The Movie Patriot A Piece Of History Film Studies Essay
The first thing I would state about the film is that about everyone watches the film. Peoples watch all types of film including action films, escapade films, comedy films, and many other classs, but when it comes to the history films, people do non believe if the narrative of the history film is a genuinely based on our existent history or it is merely filled with clump of fiction. Peoples normally guestimate that every history film is a portion of a existent history but the world is that about every individual history film contains at least small spot of fiction in it to do it great narrative and to maintain the audience ‘s attending. Traveling on to the chief point, to turn out it incorrect that non every history film is genuinely a portion of the existent history, I watched the film called the Patriot and in this paper I will compare the narrative of the Patriot with existent history to calculate out if the film contains a true narrative of history or is merely a filled with fiction. Let me get down my giving brief sum-up of the film Patriot. This film is about Benjamin Martin who was male parent of seven kids and he declines an offer to contend for the Continental ground forces. However, as shortly the conflict land reaches his front pace and accordingly plenty his 15 old ages old boy named Thomas is killed by Colonel Tavington who was the chief opposition. In consequence of this, Benjamin joins the ground forces and creates his private ground forces of shred ticket husbandmans and farmworkers. His ground forces ‘s chief end was to maintain General Cornwallis in the province of South Carolina by strategically cutting down his supply and ground forces. Their advancement were effectual nevertheless, subsequently in the narrative Martin ‘s another boy named Gabriel became victim to the same colonel that killed his oldest boy Thomas. This causes a last conflict in the film between Martin and Tavington. And at the terminal of this conflict, Martin kills T avington which besides helps led the Continental ground forces to triumph. ( prezi.com ) In the film, during the scene of the last conflict it shows that soldiers were keeping up the several American flags but in world, the huge bulk of the flags used by the Continental ground forces represented where their reserves is from. Another scene in which Benjamin is giving a shop clerk a money in which you can see that he is giving five dollar note with Abraham Lincoln on it and this can non be true because this film took topographic point more than eighty old ages before he was elected as a president. Besides that during the clip of American Revolution work forces normally saluted by taking their chapeau off and take downing their chapeau to the side, so they would set it back on. While in the film, Gabriel merely salutes by seting his manus on his chapeau. In the film all the Continental soldiers seem to hold same outfits and the British are firing down a church which is full of people. While in the world everyone in the Continental ground forces had really different vesture and there has ne'er been found a historical record which showed that British burned the church. ( prezi.com ) In the film there are many factual mistakes. For illustration, in the beginning of the narrative, during the town hall meeting Burwell was stating that we killed 700 of enemy at the Bunker Hill and they were merely kept coming, but in world they killed 226 of them. Besides harmonizing to the book Down and Out in Early America, it was highly impossible in the 1776 that a southern plantation proprietor could easy run a successful plantation which run by free work forces who worked by rewards. It would be about impossible to compare this plantation proprietor which person who used slaved as the work force. Besides that Benjamin Martin seems to be a rules adult male in the film but in world he killed Indians merely for merriment and was known for knaping his slaves. Therefore, I would state that all of these things did non look or they changed it merely to do Benjamin Martin good character in the film respect less of world. In one scene Benjamin Martin shoots a British troop who was on t he traveling Equus caballus utilizing a firelock gun at the scope of about 100 paces. It clearly seems bogus because slug from pulverization gun would non go this much of distance besides that going of this much distance and hitting traveling mark would be really hard with modern guns. ( sbroome ) In the film, Lord Cornwallis is portrayed as really old adult male, which is wrong because during the clip frame of this film in 1780, General Charles Lord Cornwallis was in his mid-fortiess. To be more descriptive, based on my research I found that Cornwallis was born in London on December 31, 1738 and harmonizing to that twelvemonth he would be six old ages younger than George Washington. Traveling to the following point, in the scene where auntie Charlotte takes in the kids after their household place was burned and destroyed, her hair was down. My point is that during the clip frame of the film, adult females merely wore hair down merely during illness or bedtime. Women ever pinned up their hair during the twenty-four hours and eventide, while they were out in the universe therefore, I would state that they this is clear fiction. ( About.com ) In the conflict scene where Benjamin is watching through the farmhouse ‘ window and we can see that Redcoats bayonet charge the Rebels. The soldiers ran across several hundred paces of unfastened land while Redcoat ground forces was good trained ground forces. During that clip military personnels were really of import therefore it was non good thought that parts of the military personnels would merely running about across the battleground. In world, they would hold charged Bayonets and travel towards the enemy. When they are about 50 paces away they would hold marched rapidly and decelerate sufficiency to stay a line. This would treat would do possible to hold control over way in the instance where needed to alter or to call off the order. And when the military personnels reach really near so military personnels could prosecute the enemy. ( sbroome ) In another scene in which Gabriel returns to the Martin plantation with blade lesion from Battle of the Waxhaws, he said that Gates ordered them to process heterosexual at the lobsterbacks. In world, Gates was non present nor the commanding officer at the conflict of Waxhaws. Furthermore, they were processing off when the British attacked. ( sbroome ) In this film, I would state that they tried to flim-flam us, when the British housebreaking to the Charlotte ‘s plantation, Tavington was seeking for the kid that was concealing under the tabular array and when Tavington looks beneath the tabular array to look into if anyone is concealing under or non and at the same clip, Nathan moved out from the underneath the tabular array on the right side and Tavington did non see him. The tablecloth on the table bents several inches from the floor so when Tavington tried to look child under the tabular array he should hold seen the Nathan from the spread that was between the tabular array fabric and floor but he did non saw the kid. Based on this point, it is clear that in this film they tried to flim-flam audience. ( sbroome ) The concluding conflict in the film is the conflict of Cowpens and it seems really large conflict while in world, merely 12 American died and was largely cavalry matter and it was all over in less than an hr. During this conflict there was scene in which cannon ball comes from enemy side and it rolls on the land and cuts the leg off of a figure of soldiers in its way, in which we can clearly see that one of the soldier ‘s leg falls apart good before the ball even touch his leg. Besides in this conflict Tavington and Martin seems contending where Martin foremost attack Tavington with a indicating tool on the terminal of the musket. And he besides attacks into Tavington ‘s pharynx right after first onslaught and we can see that Tavington was falling on the land but in the following onslaught we can see him still standing. The last scene was really confounding so it was difficult to do sense. ( sbroome ) During the American Revolution British were the Masterss of the sea. But in the film they had played with natural Torahs. During the scene of party where we can see that British ship was blown up in the seaport. But the Torahs of natural philosophies describe that behind each action there is an equal and the opposite reaction. When the ship was targeted and destroyed we see the large detonation with fire distributing all over the ship. However, although there was detonation on the ship, ship remains in its original place in the H2O therefore, it did non moved side to side or drop in the H2O it is impossible because based on natural philosophies jurisprudence ship should hold been moved or sunk in the H2O. As we can find that some of the scenes were non accurate hence, there is no drouth that narrative of this film would include fiction. ( Marts.com ) I besides figured geographical mistake in the film, in the scene in which Benjamin and his two of the younger boies were running and go throughing through the forests to disrupt the British who captured their older brother. They seem leaping and concealing around the stones to acquire in place. While in South Carolina it was ne'er glaciated in the portion of the country where this narrative took topographic point. In another scene where Tavington is looking for Martin ‘s kids at the Charlotte ‘s plantation, Susan seem to look out the window covered with Venetian blind. The Venetian blinds was non invented until the 1800s or approximately 100 twelvemonth after the timeframe of the film. To be more descriptive, the recorded innovation of blinds is holds by adult male from Chile named Hernando de Venuto and it was invented on May 20, 1857. ( sbroome ) About every knows that slaves did non like white people during the clip of revolution or any clip during the bondage hence, in the one scene after their place was destroyed, Benjamin Martin direct his household and his friend ‘s household to a slave settlement and they were welcomed at that place and had small jubilation at that place in the consequence of arriving of Benjamin Martin ‘s household. My point is that they should non hold been welcomed to their settlement because during that clip there were really few slaves settlements existed and ointments did non liked the white people. ( chccs.k12.nc.us ) In decision, I would state that even though the film Patriot include many fictional narrative in it but the manager of this film did many of the turn in the existent history to do it look more interesting to audiences and do narrative retrieve. This film besides gives audiences at least small spot of experiencing about American Revolution war. Although I found many mistakes in the film it contains really of import portion of our history and by watching this film, people can larn more about our history and seek to retrieve it as our yesteryear.
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